Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Abstract
Accessing the right sample and engaging the participant in research collaboratively in helping professions that deals with individuals’ deeper issues is a sensitive subject. Qualitative psychologists are therefore increasingly using the internet as a medium for interviewing. The purpose of this study is to present a model of virtual research in helping professions based on ethical standards. The research method was qualitative and content analysis. The study population consisted of literature on research ethics and articles written on cyberspace research and the sample included articles published over the past 20 years. The analysis continued until data saturation and then combining the themes, the ethical model of virtual research presented based on seven components: preparing the researcher (fostering a positive attitude to virtual research, recognizing instant messaging capabilities, preparing questions, inviting participants, setting time), Teaching the interviewer the research procedures (text interviewing and its features, simultaneous interviewing for spontaneity, reviewing participants responses when writing their next response), Establishing rapport (expressing goals, principles of confidentiality, obtaining informed consent), providing basic information to participants (expressing goals and rights, how to deal with unpleasant emotions, emphasizing confidentiality), teaching procedures to participants (emphasizing Simultaneous interviewing, emphasizing volunteering Interviewing, non-imposing), recording and storing data (transferring the conversation to a Word file, editing the file, re-reading it), and research reporting (inserting a password for conversations, changing the participant's identity information before the final report). Following the ethical standards mentioned above, virtual research is a useful and cost-effective way in helping professions.
Keywords
- بیتس، مارسیا (1387). «مقدمه‌ای بر فرا نظریه‌ها، نظریه‌ها و الگوها». ترجمه: غلام حیدری. کتابداری و اطلاع‌رسانی. دوره 4، شماره 11: 275-297.
- خجیر، یوسف؛ خانیکی، هادی. (1398). «ظرفیت‌ها و چالش‌های شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی برای جامعه مدنی ایران». مطالعات رسانه‌های نوین. دوره 5، شماره 17: 35-69.
- عالی‌زاد، اسماعیل؛ ابراهیم‌طاری، نازگل. (1396). «عضویت در شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی و فعالیت در عرصه عمومی غیرمجازی». فصلنامه مطالعات رسانه‌های نوین. دوره 3، شماره 10: 87091.
- فلناگن، جان و فلناگن، ریتا. (1395). پویایی‌های هویت اخلاقی در حرفه‌های یاورانه. ترجمه: آسیه شریعتمدار. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
- Abrams, Katie, Wang, Zongyuan, Song, Yoo Jin, & Galindo-Gonzalez, Sebastian. (2015). “Data richness trade-offs between face-to-face, online audiovisual, and online text-only focus groups”. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 80-96.
- Aziz, Mohamed, & Kenford, Susan. (2004). “Comparability of telephone and face-to-face interviews in assessing patients with posttraumatic stress disorder”. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10(5), 307-313.
- Bowden, Chandra, & Galindo-Gonzalez, Sebastian. (2015). “Interviewing when you’re not face-to-face: The use of email interviews in a phenomenological study”. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 10(12), 79-92.
- Collin, Philippa, Rahilly, Kitty, Richardson, Ingrid, & Third, Amanda. (2011). The Benefits of Social Networking Service: Literature Review. Melbourne: Cooperative Research Centre for Young People, Technology and Wellbeing.
- Creswel, John. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los angeles: University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
- Curasi, Carilon Folkman. (2001). “A Critical Exploration of Face-to Face Interviewing vs. Computer-Mediated Interviewing”. International Journal of Market Research, 43(4), 1-13.
- De Chesney, Mary. (2015). Nursing research using data analysis: Qualitative designs and methods in nursing. New York:
- Dimond, Jill, Fiesler, Casey, DiSalvo, Betsy, Pelc, Jon, & Bruckman, Amy. (2012). “Qualitative data collection technologies: a comparison of instant messaging, email, and phone”. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Supporting group work(pp. 277-280). ACM.
- Ellen, Isaacs, Walendowski, Alan, Whittaker, Steve, Schiano, Diane, & Kamm, Candace. (2002, November). The character, functions, and styles of instant messaging in the workplace. In Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work(pp. 11-20). ACM.
- Fontes, Thiago, & O’Mahony, Michelle. (2008). “In-depth interviewing by Instant Messaging”. Social research update, 53(2), 1-4.
- Guest, Greg, MacQueen, Kathleen, & Namey, Emily. (2012). Writing up thematic analysis. Applied Thematic Analysis. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 241-278.
- Jowett, Adam, Peel, Elizabeth, & Shaw, Rachel. (2011). “Online interviewing in psychology: Reflections on the process”. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8(4), 354-369.
- King, Nigel, Horrocks, Christine, & Brooks, Joanna. (2018). Interviews in qualitative research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Kosinski, Michal, Matz, Sandra, Gosling, Samuel, Popov, Vesselin, & Stillwell, David. (2015). “Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines”. American Psychologist, 70(6), 542-556.
- Lodico, Marguerite, Spaulding, Dean, & Voegtle, Katherine. (2010). Methods in educational research: From theory to practice(Vol. 28). John Wiley & Sons.
- Mukherjee, Turan Tapas. (2012). “Online research methodology: Using the internet and the web for research and publication”. Bhatter College Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2, 55-65.
- Oseni, Kazeem, Dingley, Kate, & Hart, Penny. (2018). “Instant messaging and social networks: the advantages in online research methodology”. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 8(1), 56-62.
- Polit, Denise, & Beck, Cheril Tatano. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Roberts, Lynne. (2015). “Ethical issues in conducting qualitative research in online communities”. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(3), 314-325.
- Seidman, Irving. (2006). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers college press.
- Synnot, Anneliese, Hill, Sophie, Summers, Michael, & Taylor, Michael. (2014). “Comparing face-to-face and online qualitative research with people with multiple sclerosis”. Qualitative health research, 24(3), 431-438.
- Terrell, Steven. R. (2011). “Face-to-face in writing: My first attempt at conducting a text-based online focus group”. The Qualitative Report, (TQR). 16(1), 286-291. Retrieved in 3/4/2019, 8:51 AM from:
http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol16/iss1/19.
- Vicsek, Lilla. (2016). “Improving data quality and avoiding pitfalls of online text-based focus groups: A practical guide”. The Qualitative Report, (TQR). Retrieved in 2/19/2018, 12:02 AM from:
http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol21/iss7/4.
- Voida, Amy, Mynatt, Elizabeth, Erickson, Thomas, & Kellogg, Wendy. (2004, April). “Interviewing over instant messaging”. In CHI'04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1344-1347). ACM.
- Williams, Sarah. (2009). “Understanding Anorexia Nervosa: an online phenomenological approach”(Doctoral dissertation, Queen Margaret University).
- Zhang, Zuochen. (2010). “Using online action research to improve a teacher education course”. Ontario Action Researcher, 11(1), 1-8.
)