New Media Studies

The impact of New Media on Social Cohesion in the Less Privileged Areas of Tehran (Case of Study: WhatsApp)

mehdi bigdeloo

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.69020.1427

Abstract

The development of new media, particularly interactive social networks, has been one of the most significant digital phenomena over the past few decades both in Iran and globally. The media, via its emphasis on user participation in social relationships, has brought about considerable changes to cultural, ... Read More The development of new media, particularly interactive social networks, has been one of the most significant digital phenomena over the past few decades both in Iran and globally. The media, via its emphasis on user participation in social relationships, has brought about considerable changes to cultural, political, and economic landscapes. However, while highlighting the critical role of users in social relations, these networks may also impact social cohesion in less privileged areas, which often face stark social disparities. Among the social networks, WhatsApp is one of the most popular platforms and is widely adopted due to its interactive capabilities and lack of restrictions. Its use has also grown in Iran, especially given its high capacity for user interaction. The researcher has employed a descriptive-analytical methodology and a theoretical framework to review the impact of WhatsApp on social cohesion among less privileged areas of Tehran through a survey-based approach. Based on the data collection through the snowball method and statistical analysis using Pearson's test, it was concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between the use of WhatsApp and both components of social cohesion (social adherence and social equality) among young users in less privileged areas of Tehran. Although the use of WhatsApp has been found to be positively associated with social equality, the impact is primarily felt with the feeling of participation. On the social cohesion component, the feeling of acceptance is heavily influenced by the use of WhatsApp, but the feeling of equality remains unchanged in less privileged areas of Tehran. Therefore, in light of this finding, it is warranted to consider the holistic and cohesive effects of this network in societal policies to effectively utilize its capabilities for enhancing the individual role-playing and to employ that potential towards reducing the cultural-social policy implementation costs. IntroductionModern media and communication platforms can be regarded as critical tools for the expression of various subcultures, ethnic groups, and less-privileged economic and societal groups. They serve to amplify their voices, increase their social awareness, and represent their demands. In Iran, mobile social networks like Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram have gained prominence and have had a significant impact on various populations, especially the youth.Among the social networks, WhatsApp has become increasingly popular among Iranian users due to the ease of voice communication, low internet requirements, and the ability to manage voice messages; its unfiltered nature, in particular, has garnered significant support among Iranian users. However, WhatsApp usage among less privileged areas remains understudied, especially in relation to its influence on social cohesion. This social network has allowed its users to play a significant role in the interactive space and has opened up powerful possibilities for two-way communication. However, despite the diverse roles that WhatsApp plays in different societal spheres and user functions, it is unclear whether its increased individual roles, particularly in the social, economic, and political spheres, would be effective in less privileged areas, especially in relation to the sense of social equality of young users and improving their social adherence and increasing the level of social cohesion. The present research has sought to address this issue.Research Question(s):What is the relationship between using WhatsApp and social adherence?1.1. What is the relationship between the use of WhatsApp and the feeling of social belonging?2.1. What is the relationship between the use of WhatsApp and the feeling of social acceptance?3.1. What is the relationship between using WhatsApp and adhering to the law?What is the relationship between the use of WhatsApp and the feeling of social equality?1.2. What is the relationship between using WhatsApp and feeling privileged?2.2. What is the relationship between the use of WhatsApp and the feeling of participation?3.2. What is the relationship between using WhatsApp and feeling equal? Literature ReviewStudies by Shohani and Shohani (Winter 2018) have revealed a significant correlation between social networks and the development of social trust, social cohesion, solidarity, and even political participation, via strengthening the relationships between people in those societies. Gholami and Khaiti (Fall 2013) have found a close relationship between the two variables of physical identity and social cohesion, and Imam Jumezadeh et al. (Spring 2014) have found a significant correlation between media consumption and social cohesion, and according to Farahmand et al. (Spring and Summer 2014) justice variables Social, external media, internal media and age have been able to show 22% of the changes in social cohesion. MethodologyThis study aims to examine the relationship between two variables: WhatsApp use and social cohesion. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology and adopts the Theory of Bernard (1999) as its theoretical framework. In order to obtain a measure of social cohesion, Bernard (1999) has outlined several dimensions such as a sense of belonging-isolation, deprivation-privilege, participating-not participating, accepting-not accepting, law-abiding-not adhering to the law. Within this research, two components of social compliance (feeling of belonging-isolation, acceptance-rejection, law-abiding-not adhering to the law) and feeling of social equality (deprivation-privilege, participation-nonparticipation, equal-unequal level) have been explored.Due to the lack of accurate statistics on young WhatsApp users in the less privileged areas of Tehran, the sampling process employed a convenience sampling method. A research questionnaire was given to 1,200 young people in Tehran's less privileged areas, and a total of 726 participants were included in the study. After the survey was distributed to the intended participants, those who agreed to participate and answered the questions, the collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson's correlation test. ResultsWith regard to the relationship between WhatsApp use and social adherence, the analysis revealed that the components of social adherence, namely the feeling of acceptance, sense of belonging, and adherence to the law, presented the highest correlations with the use of WhatsApp. In order to examine the sub-hypotheses in detail, Pearson's correlation test was also used to measure the extent of the connection between the WhatsApp usage and the three components under the social adherence variable.The table below presents the findings of the Pearson's correlation test, in which the social adherence variable was taken as the dependent variable and the WhatsApp usage variable was taken as the independent variable. The values and significance levels of each correlation coefficient are also provided. In consideration of the fact that the p-value is lower than the 0.05 significance level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a statistically significant relationship between the usage of WhatsApp and social adherence, with 95% confidence.Symmetric Measures ValueAsymptotic Standard ErroraApproximate TbApproximate SignificanceInterval by IntervalPearson's R.263.0347.345.000cOrdinal by OrdinalSpearman Correlation.260.0387.234.000cN of Valid Cases726 a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.c. Based on normal approximation.In terms of the relationship between WhatsApp use and the social equality variables, the analysis reveal that, while social participation and enjoyment present the highest levels of correlation, the feeling of equality can not be imagined. In other words, the feeling of equality cannot be inferred merely from people's WhatsApp usage.The results of the Pearson's correlation analysis shown in the table below reveal that while social participation and enjoyment present the highest levels of correlation with WhatsApp use, the feeling of equality cannot be inferred from WhatsApp usage alone. Furthermore, WhatsApp usage has a low level of correlation with the feeling of equality, indicating that the two variables cannot be deemed to have a strong connection. In light of the statistical findings presented in the table and the fact that the p-value has fallen below the 0.05 significance level, we reject the null hypothesis and concluded that there is a statistically significant relationship between WhatsApp usage and feelings of social equality, with 95% confidence.Symmetric Measures ValueAsymptotic Standard ErroraApproximate TbApproximate SignificanceInterval by IntervalPearson's R.307.0318.677.000cOrdinal by OrdinalSpearman Correlation.301.0358.508.000cN of Valid Cases726 a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.c. Based on normal approximation. ConclusionThe emergence and evolution of new media and especially social networks have become a phenomenon of recent years, having altered practically all aspects of modern human society, to the extent that their elimination is hardly imaginable in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak, given their increased prominence. Indeed, the impact of these social networks is categorized on a spectrum of positive and negative effects, depending on the social conditions of the countries involved. However, it is vital to consider how people perceive the usage of these social networks, which is itself influenced by governmental actions, available social facilities, and other relevant factors. It is evident that people, especially the youth in our country, as the leading users of social media, have accepted the effects of various social networks as part of their everyday lives. As traditional values hold prevalence in Iranian society, social networks can have a mixed impact on its cultural fabric. While they are primarily perceived in contrast to the prevailing culture, their positive effects are often overshadowed by their negative aspects. Although widespread cultural resistance toward social media networks has often created a negative impression of their works, such a stance tends to overlook their potential capabilities, some of which remain unexplored. Among those capacities is their potential role in influencing social cohesion and solidarity, as demonstrated by the researcher.Recent economic challenges have exacerbated social inequality between different classes in Iranian society. This solidarity can act as a safeguard against potential unrest in less privileged areas, promote greater youth participation in social activities, and facilitate individual commitment and collective action, thereby forming a more cohesive society. In particular, the social fabric of the south and west areas of Tehran, which present lower levels of social and cultural facilities, as well as economic development, is vulnerable to social and economic inadequacies. This deficit of facilities constitutes a significant contributing factor to social tensions, particularly among the youth in these areas. The engagement of this population can therefore help offset the risk of social unrest.As the collected survey data indicates, the use of WhatsApp by users from less privileged areas of Tehran carries a positive and significant correlation with social adherence and social equality. However, when compared, users who employ WhatsApp extensively seem to possess a stronger social adherence compared to a higher feeling of social equality. This could be explained by the fact that WhatsApp's impact on communication may not sufficiently address the varying demands of social equality, particularly for users who reside in areas facing objective social and economic difficulties.

Common templates and types of gossip discourse in cyberspace

reza kamari; Abbas Assadi; Amir Hesam Eshaghi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.69343.1449

Abstract

Social networks (mobile platforms) are a pervasive and informal communication network, so it is a good platform for the production and dissemination of significant rumors that have many negative effects on society. Understanding the causes and how this anomalous phenomenon of virtual communication is ... Read More

Understanding of Tehranian people's about celebrities in the era of virtual media

ahmad pakzad; seyed nooredin razavizadeh; Mohammad reza Kolahi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.72484.1535

Abstract

Our age is the age of fame and celebrities are an inescapable aspect of our daily lives. Considering the high influence and popularity that celebrities have among the new generation, their activity has become a serious challenge in Iranian society in recent years. Based on this, in the present research, ... Read More Our age is the age of fame and celebrities are an inescapable aspect of our daily lives. Considering the high influence and popularity that celebrities have among the new generation, their activity has become a serious challenge in Iranian society in recent years. Based on this, in the present research, the attitude of the people of Tehran towards celebrities has been studied. The research method is documentary-survey and the sample is 384 citizens aged 15 years and older living in Tehran, who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data was collected with the help of a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that %72/7 of the respondents follow the news and sidelines related to celebrities. "Cinema and TV actors", "athletes" and "domestic singers and musicians" are the most important celebrities liked by the respondents, respectively. Television presenters and scientific and cultural celebrities have the least interest and attention among respondents. "Success in the field of job", "popularity" and "political and social stances" are important reasons for people's interest in celebrities. "Showing the details of personal life" and "active presence on social networks" are the least reasons for the interest in celebrity respondents. Respondents have called "charitable activities", "type of speech", "political and social positions" and "family life (marriage, divorce, etc.)" in which they want celebrities to model. Consumption of advertising goods in terms of patterns of celebrity is the lowest share. This shows that the respondents are interested in imitating and modeling behaviors that are more pronounced and more prevalent in behaviors that are more prestigious and predominant. The results also show that adolescents are more than any other age group of celebrity news on Instagram. Adolescents have also cited their most important reason for celebrities as "success in the field of job" and want to put them in the field of "charitable" and "benevolent" activities. This finding is carefully and reflected given the adolescence and the crisis of identity that people are looking for identity, and the authorities of cultural institutions, especially education, should think about introducing appropriate patterns with Islamic-Iranian culture and culture. To be trusted to teens. The findings of the current research also show that although people follow the news and sidelines of celebritiesThe results show that 68.9 % of the respondents are "low and very low", 18 % in "average" and only 13.1 % in "high and very high" tend to celebrities. The tendency for celebrities actually reflects the intense and extreme feelings and feelings of celebrities. A phenomenon that continues on a spectrum, from following the thoughts and behavior of celebrities to severe and sick and illusory states. The findings suggest that although respondents are keen to follow the news and celebrities of celebrities and celebrities, this is a fun and fun of talking to others as a fun and enjoyment of celebrity. The results of this study are in line with the findings of McKatchon et al. (2002) and Steve (2009). The emerging relationship between celebrities and supporters calls "social interaction". The term describes our way of thinking and feeling about celebrities that we do not know and they do not know us, but sometimes unconsciously and unintentionally take us to do an act that is sometimes ineffective and irrational. This concept is measured by Lynn McCutchon and his colleagues using the "celebrity worship" scale from a psychological perspective. Using this scale, McCutchon and his colleagues found that celebrity worship was in three widespread categories, namely low -level celebrity worship, they noticed individualistic behaviors such as watching, reading and following celebrity narratives. The second category includes more social activities such as watching celebrities and dialogue with other fans, and in the third category, fans are trying to make celebrities overwhelmed and show severe emotions. The results of this study, sample 3,000, have shown that only about 1 % of celebrity followers have obsessive -compulsive tendencies. About 10 % (those who tend to stress, emotion, and moody) show a strong interest in celebrities. About 14 % said they were trying a lot to know about their favorite celebrity and communicating with people who share their interest. ۱۵ People no longer have any interest in the lives of celebrities. In general, the overwhelming majority are interested in a celebrity, but do not say they always think about them

The Impact of Web-Based Learning Technologies Characteristics on Constructs of Davis' Technology Acceptance Model

Mohammad Ahmadi Deh Qutbaddini; Mohammad Sharafi; Akbar Jadidi Mohammad Abadi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.68618.1414

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the role of the characteristics of web-based learning technologies (WLT) in predicting the constructs of Davis' technology acceptance model among teachers. For this purpose, a correlation method was used and data were collected from 150 teachers in Anar city by simple ... Read More

The areas of social media marketing adoption and its impact on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME)

fatemeh masoomi; hassan biabani; maliheh syavooshi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.74787.1596

Abstract

The advent of novel information and communication technologies, notably the Internet and social media, has facilitated the proliferation of electronic communication between individuals and businesses in the virtual realm, thereby furnishing an appropriate medium for their interaction. On the other hand, ... Read More The advent of novel information and communication technologies, notably the Internet and social media, has facilitated the proliferation of electronic communication between individuals and businesses in the virtual realm, thereby furnishing an appropriate medium for their interaction. On the other hand, the development of digital media has led to a transformation in the marketing landscape, shifting away from conventional methods towards diverse digital marketing strategies. The transformation in communication and marketing has opened up novel opportunities for businesses, particularly those that are small or medium-sized, to leverage contemporary web-based marketing techniques, such as social media marketing, to advertise their products and services. Owing to their distinctive attributes, such as enhanced flexibility and the necessity to employ cost-effective tactics, these businesses can leverage social media marketing, which entails reduced expenses and minimal technological prerequisites. Hence, given the significant contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises to national economies, it is necessary to establish a framework for leveraging this form of marketing to enhance their operational efficacy. The review of related literature demonstrates that a variety of factors, including company-specific characteristics as well as internal and external factors, can have an impact on the adoption of social media marketing. Hence, the present study examined the domains of social media marketing adoption and its impact on the operational efficacy of small and medium-sized enterprises. The intended statistical sample consisted of senior executives and specialists from small and medium-sized enterprises located in the province of Hormozgan. The present study employed convenience sampling, and the census method was utilized to determine the sample size. Data was collected through a questionnaire, which was disseminated among a total of 143 companies. However, only 107 questionnaires were deemed usable and included in the analysis. The questionnaire items were evaluated for validity using three techniques: content validity, form validity, and construct validity (specifically, convergent and divergent validity). The questionnaire's reliability was assessed using three measures: factor loading, Cronbach's alpha, and composite reliability. The structural equation modeling technique was employed to examine the model and the interrelationships among the variables. The partial least squares method was utilized for this purpose, and SmartPLS was used as an analytical tool. According to the results of the research, it can be stated that all three factors of technology, organization and environment directly have a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of social media marketing. Also, the results of factor loadings showed that the influence of the environmental factor on this acceptance is greater. Considering that the two constructs of customer pressure and competitive pressure related to this factor have the highest factor loading, it can be concluded that small and medium-sized companies are under pressure from customers and competitors to accept social media marketing. The reason for this result can be attributed to the competition in the industry. When the industry is competitive, companies face more challenges in attracting and retaining customers, that's why they need to use social media as an effective tool to attract and communicate with customers. In a competitive industry, the company can maintain its competitive advantage in the market by respecting the demands of customers and fulfilling them. Considering these results, companies should pay attention to the role of factors influencing this acceptance when accepting social media marketing in order to provide internal and external preparations. Since the findings showed that the acceptance of social media marketing has a positive and strong effect on the performance of small and medium-sized companies, therefore paying attention to these factors can lead to better acceptance of this marketing and improve the performance of the company in various dimensions. It helps with finance, marketing and branding. Performance improvement can also increase the efficiency, productivity and income of the company, which will ultimately bring important consequences for the society, including increased employment, higher welfare and economic growth. The results also showed that the adoption of social media marketing is positively and indirectly influenced by technological and organizational factors that are mediated by variables of ease of use and perceived usefulness. By understanding the ease of use of this marketing and its usefulness, policymakers can increase the willingness to accept social network marketing in small and large companies.Based on the aforementioned findings, it is recommended that companies take into account the factors that impact the adoption of social media marketing, which can establish suitable internal and external conditions...

Designing a Model for the Transformation of Social Media in Human Resources

Masoumeh Babaei; Abolfazl Danaei; Farshad Faezi Razi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.67846.1391

Abstract

The present study is written with a new look at the design of an applied model in the field of social media with a focus on the turning point in human resources. The research approach is to use a hybrid model and validate it in model design. The research was conducted in three phases. The meta-combined ... Read More

Twitter Diplomacy: Comparison of the Performance of the Chinese Ambassador Account in Tehran and the Persian Account of the US State Department in the Field of Networking

Mohammad Hasan Sheikholeslami; Davood Rezapour

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.59298.1159

Abstract

The growth and development of communication technologies in recent years has caused social networks to become an integral part of everyday life and the use of these networks in the direction of public diplomacy and cyber diplomacy has dramatically increased. Meanwhile, Twitter, as one of the most influential ... Read More

Corpus-based Discourse Analysis of the Coronavirus news in the Iranian Press

Atoosa Rotambeik Tafreshi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.61167.1214

Abstract

Analyzing the content of the news and the way it is presented is very important since media can affect public opinion in so many ways. This study is aimed at analyzing the news coverage of the Covid 19 in Iranian written Press to find out about the differences between the ways different news media in ... Read More

News Media and Investigating Journalistic Translators' Agency in Restructuring the Narration of Coronavirus-Related Events in Iran

Mehdi Latifi Shirejini; Mahmoud Afrouz

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.55222.1044

Abstract

In late 2019, Coronavirus emerged in China. The disease has severely affected social, economic and political conditions all around the world. Meanwhile, a situation was created for institutions, organizations and governments to seek political exploitation. Media was one of the tools that helped various ... Read More

Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram: discourse analysis of Iranian users’ generated-content during Covid-19 pandemic

Hossein Kermani; Amirali Tafreshi; Amir Mohammad Ghodsi; Alireza Bayat Makou; Ali Atash Zar

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.57484.1103

Abstract

This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran ... Read More This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.This paper investigates the discourses of Covid-19 on Twitter and Instagram in Iran. Based on Foucault’s perspective on discourse and power, we have found the dominant discourses on these two social media platforms. Further, we have analyzed their relationships with the power relations in Iran as well as the hegemonic discourse. This research has been conducted using mixed methods. Following on Saldana’s two-step coding method, we analyzed a representative sample of 4,165,177 tweets and 4,919,839 Instagram posts, collected from January 21st to April 29th. Research findings showed that there were 71 micro-level and 16 macro-level discourses shaped on these two platforms. Our results showed that Instagram users mostly had a non-political and non-critical approach toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the discourse of public negligence was among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter. among the dominant discourses on Instagram, but it had not gained much attention on Twitter.

Studying how parents mediate when facing the media environment

fariba seyedan; fatemeh Angoraj Taghavi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.68169.1399

Abstract

New media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new communication technologies, by providing new ond the existing limitations for conducting interviews, criteria were considered for ... Read More New media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new communication technologies, by providing new ond the existing limitations for conducting interviews, criteria were considered for selecting the sample frame. Using purposeful sampling (based on selection criteria) and theory, after semi-structured interviews with 15 samples of parents, thematic saturation was obtained. The findings of this research are 57 non-repetitive and non-overlapping important statements, the following 4 "overall themes" including parents' media capability. "Restrictive Mediation", "Watch Mediation", "Active Mediation", 10 "Subtopics" and 43 "Comprehensive Meaning Units" were obtained. The results showed that parents' media skills include strategies that allow them to Effectively face the media environment and the use of children and teenagers. Due to the types of restrictive, observational and active mediation strategies, in the complex parent-child interactions, many individual background factors have intervened and mediation strategies, with the changes in children's digital behaviors are variable, and dependent on growth and activity. They are in the virtual space. Therefore, the way parents deal with the media space is not limited to a mediation strategy, and parents may use several methods for media intervention. Not only parents influence the child's behavior, but also the child's real behavior or his digital abilities They are influenced in such a way that they adopt their mediation approach according to the activity that the child does.AbstractNew media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new communication technologies, by providing new opportunities for joint activities, has had tremendous effects on the relationships of family members. Is. Investigating mediation and how parents encounter cyberspace not only helps to design new solutions in media education for parents, but also opens up new fields in media studies, especially in the field of family. Children are one of the possibilities of virtual space, limits and boundaries of activity with communication technologies and necessary skills in the media space. The sample of the research was the potential participants from parents in the city of Karaj. Considering the importance of maximum diversity in the research sample and the existing limitations for conducting interviews, criteria were considered for selecting the sample frame. Using purposeful sampling (based on selection criteria) and theory, after semi-structured interviews with 15 samples of parents, thematic saturation was obtained. The findings of this research are 57 non-repetitive and non-overlapping important statements, the following 4 "overall themes" including parents' media capability. "Restrictive Mediation", "Watch Mediation", "Active Mediation", 10 "Subtopics" and 43 "Comprehensive Meaning Units" were obtained. The results showed that parents' media skills include strategies that allow them to Effectively face the media environment and the use of children and teenagers. Due to the types of restrictive, observational and active mediation strategies, in the complex parent-child interactions, many individual background factors have intervened and mediation strategies, with the changes in children's digital behaviors are variable, and dependent on growth and activity. They are in the virtual space. Therefore, the way parents deal with the media space is not limited to a mediation strategy, and parents may use several methods for media intervention. Not only parents influence the child's behavior, but also the child's real behavior or his digital abilities They are influenced in such a way that they adopt their mediation approach according to the activity that the child does.AbstractNew media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new communication technologies, by providing new opportunities for joint activities, has had tremendous effects on the relationships of family members. Is. Investigating mediation and how parents encounter cyberspace not only helps to design new solutions in media education for parents, but also opens up new fields in media studies, especially in the field of family. Children are one of the possibilities of virtual space, limits and boundaries of activity with communication technologies and necessary skills in the media space. The sample of the research was the potential participants from parents in the city of Karaj. Considering the importance of maximum diversity in the research sample and the existing limitations for conducting interviews, criteria were considered for selecting the sample frame. Using purposeful sampling (based on selection criteria) and theory, after semi-structured interviews with 15 samples of parents, thematic saturation was obtained. The findings of this research are 57 non-repetitive and non-overlapping important statements, the following 4 "overall themes" including parents' media capability. "Restrictive Mediation", "Watch Mediation", "Active Mediation", 10 "Subtopics" and 43 "Comprehensive Meaning Units" were obtained. The results showed that parents' media skills include strategies that allow them to Effectively face the media environment and the use of children and teenagers. Due to the types of restrictive, observational and active mediation strategies, in the complex parent-child interactions, many individual background factors have intervened and mediation strategies, with the changes in children's digital behaviors are variable, and dependent on growth and activity. They are in the virtual space. Therefore, the way parents deal with the media space is not limited to a mediation strategy, and parents may use several methods for media intervention. Not only parents influence the child's behavior, but also the child's real behavior or his digital abilities They are influenced in such a way that they adopt their mediation approach according to the activity that the child does.

An analysis of the experience of professional athletes in the social network of Instagram

farid ganji; sardar mohamadi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.43034.752

Abstract

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the life experience of professional athletes in the social network of Instagram. The research method was qualitative (phenomenology). The population of the present study was professional athletes who had more than two years of membership in the Instagram ... Read More

The Role of Virtual Social Networks in the Relationships of Couples Referring to the Family Court

farid ahmadrad; MOHSEN jadidi; Mohammad Bagher SaberiZafarghandi; Samaneh Sadat Sarkeshikian

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023, Pages 510-475

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.68821.1419

Abstract

Information and commun Virtual social networks have become the most similar to human society with the process of information explosion that they have undertaken and have become an important and influencing factor in couples' relationships. The aim of the present study was to identify the role of virtual ... Read More Information and commun Virtual social networks have become the most similar to human society with the process of information explosion that they have undertaken and have become an important and influencing factor in couples' relationships. The aim of the present study was to identify the role of virtual social space in the relationships of couples referring to the family court, especially its effect on the functioning of the family and their mental health. The current research was among qualitative researches and three types of open, central and selective coding were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the current study included couples referring to family courts, who were purposefully sampled and interviewed. The tool used in the present study was a structured and semi-structured interview. From the analysis of the conducted interviews, 207 open codes were obtained, among which 8 main themes were extracted to express the lived experiences of the interviewees, which included: "Internet addiction", "covering the emotional and mental void", etc. The result of the study showed that social-virtual space plays an important role in the process of socialization and re-socialization of couples; which, along with other factors, stabilize different attitudes and thoughts and also have a significant impact on their mental health. In summary, it can be concluded that excessive use of media, especially social virtual space, can cause many harms, including excessive dependence on technology, separation and loneliness, internet addiction, depression and boredom, psychological, physical, economic, etc. be in pairs.and boredom, and psychological, physical issues in couplesIntroductionInformation and Communication Technology (ICT), particularly social media networks, has significantly enhanced its influence on family dynamics, owing to its evolving utilization objectives and its ever-growing penetration. The significance of these platforms is highlighted across the family unit, owing to their extensive presence. In fact, virtual social networks, with the exponential growth they have experienced, bear a striking resemblance to the human society at large, and thus, exert a significant influence on marital relations. Studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the structure and daily routines of couples. In particular, its importance emerges in areas of communication, relationship development, education, work-life balance, leisure time, parenting styles, and others. In light of this, concentrating on identifying shortcomings, gaps, and risks associated with ICT usage in relation to the performance and functioning of couples becomes exceedingly pertinent.Literature ReviewNowadays, families face a myriad of technologies, particularly the introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to their homes. Stevenson (2011) acknowledges that its initial introduction is for educational aims, yet it soon extends to other spheres of socio-cultural life. While the multipurpose nature of ICT enables ease of life, it also breeds disputes among family members. Ghazanfar et al. (2015) assert that the application of ICT can modify the institution of the family itself, as well as its phases of development. Stress and other health-related concerns, safety issues, privacy infringements, access to inappropriate content, reduced social interactions, decreased family gatherings, and changes in dietary habits have become a frequent occurrence in the structure of modern families, arising out of their extensive reliance on Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The number of users of this medium had been estimated at a threshold spanning between 150 to 180 million people in 1999. The figure elevated to over 200 million people in 2002, surpassing 1.5 billion people in 2008 and surpassed 2.4 billion people in 2012, exceeding 2.7 billion people in 2016, and surpassed 3.5 billion people by 2018. Thus, social media platforms have reached a state of widespread adoption and proliferation across all facets of society, culminating in the emergence of new patterns within marital relationships.MethodologyIt is necessary to understand the impact that social media networks have on the relationships of couples attending family courts. In this context, the present study constituted qualitative research and adopted thematic analysis to analyse the data collected. The initial sampling pool consisted of 27 couples (15 males and 12 females) attending family courts, among whom 24 individuals ultimately participated in the study. For this study, structured and semi-structured interviews were utilized as the main tools for data collection. The key questions are:How have social media platforms impacted the functioning of couples?What are the background factors associated with excessive usage of social media networks?What could be the repercussions of the excessive utilization of social media networks?ResultsUpon analysing the transcribed interviews, a total of 207 open codes were derived. These open codes were grouped into seven essential themes, each depicting the realities that the interviewees experienced, namely: "Internet addiction"; "Covering the emotional and mental void"; "Non-recognition"; "Online sexual activities"; "Expansion of entertainment through social networks"; "Psychological and sociological problems" and "Distorted perception of reality.The results of the present investigative study reveal a wide array of positive and negative impacts of extensive usage of virtual social media networks on interpersonal relationships. While digital platforms can enable communication and enhance communication for partners, such networks can, simultaneously, cause a loss of trust and communication between them. In addition, the results revealed that the availability and ease of accessibility of social media platforms can increase the likelihood of engaging in extra-marital online sexual activities, which can generate feelings of betrayal and distrust, causing an eventual breakup. Internet addiction, furthermore, was recognized as a significant drawback of virtual media networks in family functioning, and it is associated with adverse psychological and social repercussions, such as depression, anxiety, and decreased social support. Social media platforms can also lead to distortions of reality and unrealistic expectations within a relationship. Curated online profiles may lead to the presentation of idealized and filtered images and details about one's life, creating unrealistic expectations and feelings of inadequacy among partners. This, in turn, can lessen satisfaction and increase tensions in the relationship. The results of the present study revealed that virtual social spaces can contribute to the process of socialization and re-socialization of couples, and this, along with other factors, can potentially result in altering attitudes and perspectives and can also affect mental health.ConclusionThe widespread and multidimensional advancement of internet communication has introduced various challenges and issues to our contemporary existence. In spite of providing numerous benefits, such platforms can pave the path for the dissemination of misinformation, leading to the challenge and subversion of basic values. Social media networks, with their insidious influence, have altered human relationships to an unprecedented extent, enabling the control and manipulation of public opinions, fostering social unrest, and even instigating conflicts and crises. Excessive usage of media, primarily of virtual social platforms, has the potential to spark and exacerbate a plethora of harmful effects on marital relationships, including excessive reliance on technology, separation, and feelings of loneliness, internet addiction, depression, and boredom, on top of causing personal, familial, relational, emotional, psychological, physical, economic, and other difficulties within couples.

Representation of Covid 19 pandemic on Iranian social media

hadi khaniki; ali ahmadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 December 2022

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2021.59288.1164

Abstract

Crises are an integral part of social life and their number and diversity are increasing day by day. Social media plays an important role in crisis management due to its extensive capabilities in attracting audiences and the ability to shape public opinion. The present study aimed to investigate the ... Read More

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Designing an optimal model for personal branding of professional athletes on Instagram and its role in sports migration

Mohammad Faraji; Seyyed Jafar Moosavi; Farshad Emami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.63985.1288

Abstract

The purpose was to design an optimal model for personal branding of professional athletes on Instagram and its role on sports migration. The method was mixed and the qualitative information was obtained from library experts through semi-structured interviews with 15 experts. 4 factors and 52 indicators ... Read More

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State of exception the coronavirus and medical dominance of popular memory(Case study of the social network Instagram)

saeeid zokaei; Ali Khanmohammadi; Samira Nouri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 September 2022

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.59687.1301

Abstract

The creation of the corona accelerated the "medical dominance" of public opinion by creating a "state of exception". Five hundred videos, photos and text produced by ordinary users of the Instagram network in the days of the pandemic have been reviewed. Relying on semiotics of all these contents, the ... Read More

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The Role of Human Communications in the Formation of the Social Status of Women: The Case of Sadegh Hedayat’s Short Story

saeed saghei; aliasghr kia; reza saberii

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.70299.1470

Abstract

The literary works of prominent writers who represent the inherent relations of the society can be taken as important reports and narratives that provide the society’s intellectual matter and analysis of these works can pave the way toward the understanding of the fundamental components of the ... Read More

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Critical Media Literacy Assessment Based on Elizabeth Tamen's

babak nourollahzadeh khiavi; tagi Akbari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.65466.1333

Abstract

Media literacy is a set of learnable skills that refers to the ability to access, analyze, critique and create a variety of media messages and is an essential skill in today's world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of critical media literacy based on the model of Elizabeth Tamen ... Read More

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The Role of "Online News Media" and "Social Media" in Prevention in Infodemic Times from a Social Capital Perspective: A Study of the Quidd-19 Epidemic

bahram nikbakhsh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.69277.1435

Abstract

In the current research, citizens' understanding of the desirability of "online news media" and "social media" on preventive measures by the citizens of Khuzestan province has been investigated. Because, the dissemination of false information during the epidemic of the Covid-19 ... Read More In the current research, citizens' understanding of the desirability of "online news media" and "social media" on preventive measures by the citizens of Khuzestan province has been investigated. Because, the dissemination of false information during the epidemic of the Covid-19 disease, as a prominent social concern, and the lack of dissemination of correct information, is one of the main concerns and aggravates the confusion in the society. In this regard, it is very important to understand the desirability of citizens from mass media in providing reliable information and creating motivation for more participation of people in complying with preventive measures announced by the government. In this context, the role of trust between citizens and the government was examined and paid attention to from the perspective of social capital. Based on this, the current research investigated the desirability of citizens' perception of "online news media" and "social media" during the Covid-19 pandemic and answered the following research questions; 1) Does the perceived usefulness of the media help to increase trust between citizens and the government? 2) Does trust in the citizens and the government contribute to preventive measures against the disease of Kovid-19? 3) Is the perceived usefulness of "online news media" and "social media" different among citizens? The data used in this research was collected in the form of a survey from the citizens of Khuzestan province in 1401. Therefore, the sampling process of the research was such that the data related to the statistical population of people over 20 years old living in Khuzestan province was considered, which showed their perceived desirability of online news media and social media from the perspective of social capital. The analysis unit of this research was conducted in a comparative manner and among the citizens of 20 years and older at the individual level, and the necessary information was collected in this regard. Also, the research was conducted with 384 people in 6 cities with more than 100,000 people in Khuzestan province (Ahvaz, Abadan, Dezful, Mahshahr, Dasht Azadegan and Andimshek), to measure the variables using the Georgian and Morgan sampling method and the pure and final observations of the research, with Entering data related to these variables was analyzed. The current research has evaluated structural equations based on spss24 and pls-smart3 software. Using SPSS-PLS SMART3 software, research hypotheses were analyzed in the form of structural equations. In this regard, it can be said that the path analysis showed the indirect effects of the online news network on preventive measures equal to -438.49. It should be noted that this indirect relationship was due to the variables of trust in citizens (2.907) and trust in the government (26.582). Also, the indirect effect of social media on preventive action was equal to 45.27, and this indirect relationship was due to the variables of trust in citizens (-1.842) and trust in the government (-30.835). In the second step, these two variables have directly influenced preventive measures (values 3.657 and 26.582, respectively). Therefore, it can be said that the concept of social capital has played an important role in building trust between citizens and statesmen to understand the usefulness of the media for the dissemination of preventive information about the covid-19 disease. "Online news media" indirectly affects the "preventive measures" of the Covid-19 disease, and the first hypothesis is confirmed. Also, "online news media" have a positive and significant effect on "citizen trust", so hypotheses 3-1 and 3-2 are also confirmed. In addition, "online news media" has a positive effect on "trust in the government", so hypothesis 2-3 is confirmed, but hypothesis 2-4 is not confirmed. The variables "trust in citizens" and "online news media" have a positive and significant effect on "preventive measures" from the disease of Covid-19, therefore, the fifth hypothesis is confirmed. But the sixth hypothesis about "trust in the government" and its effect on "preventive measures" is not confirmed. In addition, since "social media" does not have a significant effect on "trust in citizens" and "trust in the government", it turns out that "social media" has an effect on "preventive actions" through "trust in citizens". " do not have any direct effect, but "online news media" indirectly affect the preventive measures of the Covid-19 disease through "citizen's trust" and "government's trust

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Analysis of COVID-19 News in Iran; A Comparative Study of IRIB and BBC Persian News Websites.

Reza Saberi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.74348.1586

Abstract

Statement of problem The present study aimed to investigate how news related to the first wave of coronavirus outbreak in Iran was reflected on two websites, "IRIB" and "BBC Persian". Since December 2019, the terms "corona" and "COVID-19" have become among the ... Read More Statement of problem The present study aimed to investigate how news related to the first wave of coronavirus outbreak in Iran was reflected on two websites, "IRIB" and "BBC Persian". Since December 2019, the terms "corona" and "COVID-19" have become among the most commonly used news concepts in traditional and modern media worldwide to represent a human event or crisis that was first observed in hospitals and clinics in Wuhan, China. The website is considered a modern media that content exchange or publication is only possible with the help of digital processing tools. The concept of "news" in this study included all news, reports, interviews, notes, and expert analysis published on the "first wave of coronavirus outbreak in Iran" on the BBC Persian and IRIB news websites. The first wave of coronavirus in Iran began on February 20, 2020, and ended on June 6, 2020. This study used a quantitative content analysis method to code the content of the messages on the studied websites in 17 variables and 62 sub-variables. The statistical population included 1,015 units of analysis, and by using the Cochran formula, 278 news, reports, interviews, or analyses were selected as samples, and the data was collected using a multi-stage (quota and systematic random) sampling method. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the principle that news coverage in media and websites can be explained based on the theory of social responsibility. However, media policy is influenced by internal and external factors at national and international levels, which affect the content of media and guide their news values and mission towards specific directions. Therefore, theories such as framing theory, agenda-setting theory, and gatekeeping theory can better differentiate media in terms of their presentation and quality of news content. Research findings The findings of the study indicate that the coverage of COVID-19 news in Iran is largely influenced by news values of "conflict", "magnitude", "comprehensiveness" and "celebrity", while values such as "exceptionality", "novelty" and "proximity" had little impact on the news. The representation of the crisis on the studied websites was characterized by distinct features. Some of these include: • In the first wave of COVID-19, two-thirds (69.1%) of the news on the COVID-19 situation on the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) website were based on their own news agency, indicating the "exclusive" nature of their news source. By contrast, BBC Persian published about half (48.2%) of their news based on an unknown source. • Approximately 94% of the images used on the IRIB website had no news direction, while BBC Persian adopted a negative direction in their images (about 41%) as part of a desirable strategy to attract audiences and present an undesirable image of the COVID-19 situation in Iran. • In the first wave of COVID-19 in Iran, providing accurate statistics on the number of COVID-19 cases accounted for around 19% of the content on the IRIB website, compared to 5.75% on the BBC Persian website, indicating less attention to accuracy in the representation of events on the IRIB website. • The BBC Persian website identifies the origin of the virus as a natural cause and its source as China (which has good relations with Iran), while the IRIB website considers the virus to be an "unnatural" disease (man-made) and attributes its origin to the United States. • COVID-19 news on the IRIB website mainly indicates good management of the COVID-19 virus in Iran, with 87% of their news referring to it. In contrast, BBC Persian presents a very different perspective, with 98% of their news portraying the COVID-19 situation as undesirable and criticizing the poor management of the situation in Iran. Conclusion Based on the theoretical framework of the study, the findings indicate that although the COVID-19 virus as a pervasive human disease with multiple and important news values has attracted the attention of news websites to reflect its various dimensions, the commitment of each news website to a particular framing has resulted in the spirit of the framework being reflected in the produced content of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) website as a media outlet in favor of the current situation, choosing an "optimistic" approach, while BBC Persian as a media outlet opposed to the current situation, reproduces a "concerned" approach in COVID-19 news events. Keywords: COVID-19, news, IRIB website, BBC Persian website, quantitative content analysis.

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The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Social Movements; Study of Iranian Protest Movements (2009-2019)

Bahman Rabeie nia; Hussein  Harsij

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.67717.1387

Abstract

The universalization of the use of virtual social networks has caused important changes in lifestyles, habits and social relationships and the relationship between people and governments. Social movements, as one of the methods of conveying demands and communication between people and the government, ... Read More

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An Analysis of Students' Teacher Perceptions of Learning Content in Social Networks: A Phenomenological Study

sadegh hamedinasab; Masoumeh Azizi; Rezvan Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.69597.1447

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of student-teacher learning in social networks and their perception of the validity of the content shared in these networks. The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological. The study population was all student teachers in the ... Read More The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of student-teacher learning in social networks and their perception of the validity of the content shared in these networks. The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological. The study population was all student teachers in the field of primary education of Farhangian University of Birjand who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 students (7 males and 8 females) using purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation of the data and the obtained data were analyzed by content analysis method. For data reliability, the method of agreement between coders and for the validity of the findings, the method of review by experts was used. Findings showed that the content of student-teacher learning in social networks includes university-related content (discipline-based, skill-based and English language), school (teaching method, classroom management and elementary course content) and general information (news, medical information and technological information). ) Is. Also, student teachers do not have a positive view of the content shared on social networks, and in their view, the content on social networks is disproportionate, unreliable and incomplete. Based on this, it is suggested that Farhangian University provide credible, categorized and appropriate content for each field of study in social networks to help the development of student-teacher professions and their positive attitude towards the content of these networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of student-teacher learning in social networks and their perception of the validity of the content shared in these networks. The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological. The study population was all student teachers in the field of primary education of Farhangian University of Birjand who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 students (7 males and 8 females) using purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation of the data and the obtained data were analyzed by content analysis method. For data reliability, the method of agreement between coders and for the validity of the findings, the method of review by experts was used. Findings showed that the content of student-teacher learning in social networks includes university-related content (discipline-based, skill-based and English language), school (teaching method, classroom management and elementary course content) and general information (news, medical information and technological information). ) Is. Also, student teachers do not have a positive view of the content shared on social networks, and in their view, the content on social networks is disproportionate, unreliable and incomplete. Based on this, it is suggested that Farhangian University provide credible, categorized and appropriate content for each field of study in social networks to help the development of student-teacher professions and their positive attitude towards the content of these networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of student-teacher learning in social networks and their perception of the validity of the content shared in these networks. The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological. The study population was all student teachers in the field of primary education of Farhangian University of Birjand who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 students (7 males and 8 females) using purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation of the data and the obtained data were analyzed by content analysis method. For data reliability, the method of agreement between coders and for the validity of the findings, the method of review by experts was used. Findings showed that the content of student-teacher learning in social networks includes university-related content (discipline-based, skill-based and English language), school (teaching method, classroom management and elementary course content) and general information (news, medical information and technological information). ) Is. Also, student teachers do not have a positive view of the content shared on social networks, and in their view, the content on social networks is disproportionate, unreliable and incomplete. Based on this, it is suggested that Farhangian University provide credible, categorized and appropriate content for each field of study in social networks to help the development of student-teacher professions and their positive attitude towards the content of these networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of student-teacher learning in social networks and their perception of the validity of the content shared in these networks. The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological. The study population was all student teachers in the field of primary education of Farhangian University of Birjand who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 students (7 males and 8 females) using purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation of the data and the obtained data were analyzed by content analysis method. For data reliability, the method of agreement between coders and for the validity of the findings, the method of review by experts was used. Findings showed that the content of student-teacher learning in social networks includes university-related content (discipline-based, skill-based and English language), school (teaching method, classroom management and elementary course content) and general information (news, medical information and technological information). ) Is. Also, student teachers do not have a positive view of the content shared on social networks, and in their view, the content on social networks is disproportionate, unreliable and incomplete. Based on this, it is suggested that Farhangian University provide credible, categorized and appropriate content for each field of study in social networks to help the development of student-teacher professions and their positive attitude towards the content of these networks.

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Investigating the effect of content features on content engagement with the role of emotion as a mediator in Instagram( Case Study: Users of the Big Bang page)

Hamraz Tavallaee; Mina Ranjbarfard; Soheila Mehmannavazan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.70293.1468

Abstract

Considering today's world, which is the age of information and communication, the role of social media in transmitting information and expanding all kinds of communication in people's daily and personal life cannot be ignored. Also, businesses of all sizes need social media to expand and strengthen ... Read More Considering today's world, which is the age of information and communication, the role of social media in transmitting information and expanding all kinds of communication in people's daily and personal life cannot be ignored. Also, businesses of all sizes need social media to expand and strengthen their relationship with customers. The most important and main element of a social media is its content. In order to attract users, companies must produce content, and most importantly, produce content that engages the user. Research has shown that the contents created by the users themselves are more effective in arousing the emotions of other customers for participation and interaction than the contents created by the organization itself. Therefore, in order for users to have more participation, it is necessary to identify the content features that cause more engagement of the customer, followed by participation and interaction. In previous researches, the features that a content should have in order to cause user engagement have been mentioned, but by studying all kinds of articles in this topic, the variable that has not been addressed is "emotion". Therefore, it was considered necessary to consider the role of emotion as a mediating variable. In fact, the customer's or user's emotion plays a fundamental and fundamental role in his engagement with the content, so in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of content features on content engagement (customer engagement) with the role of emotion as a mediator in the social media platform (Instagram). The community studied in this research was the users of an Instagram page with the topic of cosmology and astronomy in Tehran, which earns money through advertising. The target population was 795,000. Due to the fact that the number of community members (that is, the number of followers of the investigated brand's Instagram page) was more than 795 thousand people, therefore, the number of samples based on the unlimited community was determined to be 384 people (190 women and 194 men). The sampling method is based on simple random sampling. Library resources were used to define the research problem and develop hypotheses. A questionnaire was used to measure the variables of content features and emotion.Variable questions of content features that had three dimensions of originality (questions 1-5), hedonism (questions 6-9) and quality (questions 10-12) were taken from the articles of Moldovan et al., Nambisan et al. , Huong Duong et al. was obtained. The emotion variable, which has three dimensions of pleasure (questions 13-16), arousal (questions 17-18) and mastery (questions 19-23), was taken from the article by Mazaheri et al. Likes and comments were used to measure the variable of content engagement. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the measurement tool and path analysis method was used to test the hypotheses. PLS software was used for structural equation technique. The results showed that the content features that include the three dimensions of originality, hedonism and quality have an effect on content engagement that includes likes and comments. Also, the results showed that all three dimensions of originality, hedonism and quality have an effect on emotion. The effect of the emotion variable, which includes the three dimensions of pleasure, arousal and mastery, was also confirmed on content engagement. According to the results of this research, it can be easily seen that companies or brands need to pay attention to the social media platform that is included in the research in order to succeed in their business. In fact, organizations should be able to produce useful, entertaining and enjoyable content to engage their customers more with their brand and make them more loyal. Instagram pages should have high visual appeal, have meaningful videos and photos related to the content of the page, and the customer will find out that the content of the page is valuable and of high quality. In this research, it has been said in detail about the types of content features and their effect on customer engagement on Instagram. The limitation of this research can be mentioned that this study was conducted on the Instagram social network, therefore the content features and user engagement are specific to this platform and its results cannot be generalized to other social networks such as Twitter and Facebook.

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Designing a model of competitiveness of print media with social networks in order to survive

Mohamadjavad Afsharsafavi; Golnar Shojaeibaghini; Mohamadreza Rostami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.64393.1305

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to design a model of competitiveness of print media with social networks. This research is a mixed exploratory research in terms of development-applied purpose and in terms of research approach. First, through qualitative research method (grounded theory method), the required ... Read More

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Presentation of the template for sustainable influencer-based marketing in social media

Ghasem Zarei; گلثوم akbari arbatan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.71738.1509

Abstract

Social media and sustainability are the main streams of marketing and business. As technology advances, sustainable marketing focuses on the use of social media, where consumers can directly interact with many other consumers and influence their beliefs and behavior. These influencers create both organic ... Read More Social media and sustainability are the main streams of marketing and business. As technology advances, sustainable marketing focuses on the use of social media, where consumers can directly interact with many other consumers and influence their beliefs and behavior. These influencers create both organic and sponsored content. With the aim of providing a model for sustainable marketing based on influencers in social media in a descriptive manner, this research developed and validated a conceptual framework with the foundation data method through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The statistical community includes social media and sustainable marketing experts and social media influencers, among whom 13 people were selected and participated in this study by purposive sampling. The number of samples follows the rule of saturation. To analyze and analyze the data, the method of open, hidden and selective coding was used. The findings of the research show that concepts were identified in the form of a central category and 12 main categories and 25 sub-categories and 147 concepts or codes. Finally, a sustainable marketing paradigm model based on influencers in social media was presented. Causal conditions including (content competencies, interaction competencies and ability to influence), background conditions including (power of influencers, social companionship), intervening conditions (self-branding of influencers, limitation in content control), strategies (reorientation of marketing mix, online networking), the results were categorized as including (creating self-sustainable forces, inclusive value creation, stable identity). content competencies, Content competencies are expertise in the production and distribution of electronic content. An expert in the production and distribution of electronic content must be aware of the principles and rules of standards in the field of content production and distribution. In fact, the requirement to produce a quality and standard content is to fully understand the principles and standards (Khosravi Chekandak and colleagues, 1401). - Interaction skills, Engagement Competencies: Social media influencers have been tapped by brands as a strategic marketing communication tool to leverage their electronic word of mouth. are knowledgeable and expert, and regarding brands and products are considered more authentic and trustworthy by consumers than messages created by marketers (Kim & Kim, 2021). The subset of this dimension of causal factors is communication with audiences and participation and preservation of consumer culture. Currently, influencers are employed to create emotional relationships with customers through digital marketing (Khandual & Pradhan, 2019). - self-sustaining forces, Self-sustainability is the degree to which people can maintain resources without support. In essence, it refers to the ability and capacity to comply with the three principles of sustainability (economic, social, environmental) independently of the help of others (Rivera-Toapanta et al, 2022). Green values, which include (green products, green usage culture, and green marketing, etc.), are a product of sustainable development, which mainly refers to individual attitudes and behaviors of sustainable development (Dumont et al, 2017). Mohammadian et al. (2013) believe that manufacturing companies, consumer society and governments are the three vertices of the triangle involved in buying and using green products. In fact, it is consumers who can contribute to sustainability by buying and using green products (environmentally friendly products) (Rahbar & Wahid, 2011). In fact, consumers can contribute significantly by buying products that are less harmful to the environment. to protect the environment (Ranaei Kordesholi et al, 2012) Green marketing includes a wide range of activities that are related to changes in design, production process, packaging as well as product advertising (Polonsky, 1994). Stable identity A stable identity is an identity that the people of a group have recognition and commitment to values. If these components are more in people, identity can be stable; Therefore, the stability of identity can be considered as the degree of penetration of stability factors (Hosni et al., 2019). In this article, values such as altruism, moderation, and ethics were introduced in the consumption of sustainable identity indicators Self-branding. Self-branding is a process by which people and their professions are known as brands. This process is different from seeking fame and influencing people (Karaduman, 2013). This term refers to a process in which ordinary people gain fans by sharing their interests and lifestyles on social networks. These people gain fame only because of their activity in social networks, and it causes the lack of control over the production content. Perhaps this word can be translated as informal fame in Persian language. Self-branding is a set of marketing strategies to be used on the individual. This concept also includes a kind of attitude about the products, services, values and thoughts of the individual as a salable commodity (Marwick, 2010). - Consumer culture Slater Dunn (1997) acknowledges that consumer culture refers to a society in which the relationship between existing culture and social resources and the relationship between lifestyles and material and symbolic resources related to it through the behavior of marketers and most effectively mass media advertising. is set And social media influencers overshadow the sustainability elements of consumer culture by promoting and promoting them. They influence consumer consumption patterns in different product categories, including services (Berne-Manero & Marzo-Navarro, 2020). Inclusive value creation is somehow finding a common ground between sustainability goals and values and green products. Green values, which include (green products, green usage culture, and green marketing, etc.) and the product of sustainable development, which mainly refers to individual attitudes and behaviors of sustainable development (Dumont et al, 2017). Mohammadian et al. (2013) believe that manufacturing companies, consumer society and governments are the three vertices of the triangle involved in the purchase and use of green products and Green product is a foot product It is designed with the aim of reducing the negative effects on the environment during its life cycle. The culture of green use states that there are consumers who can contribute to sustainability by buying and using green products (environmentally friendly products). Rahbar & Wahid, 2011. In fact, consumers can contribute significantly to protecting the environment by purchasing products that are less harmful to the environment (Ranaei Kordesholi et al, 2012). Green marketing includes a wide range of activities that are related to changes in design, production process, packaging as well as product advertising (Polonsky, 1994).

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Investigating the impact of new media in shaping the consumption patterns of Iranian society

Karim Nematiaghdam; Nasim Majidi; Aliasghar Keya

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.70227.1465

Abstract

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of modern media in the apparent changes in the Iranian society's culture, which research method was carried out without relying on popular theories and with the Grounded Theory (GT) method. In this method, after explaining ... Read More Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of modern media in the apparent changes in the Iranian society's culture, which research method was carried out without relying on popular theories and with the Grounded Theory (GT) method. In this method, after explaining the elements and features of the message, the relationship between the elements of communication and the background and consequences (or effects) of the communication process can also be addressed in an inferential way. ) Online data culture based on the Likert scale and two methods of decoding by another researcher and member review method were used and analyzed based on the database theory with Glazerian approach. The findings of this research show that the Iranian society has become extroverted due to the expansion of social networks. And virtual social networks are so influential in the appearance of Iranians' lives that people look for superficial issues (such as the role of consumer culture in anthropology, ideological factors, rhetoric and impracticality of reforming consumption patterns, the use of self-made patterns to reform consumption, lack of media planning in promoting and recognizing patterns consumption, the influence of celebrities on mass media, especially Instagram, and the exchange of information by word of mouth) have accepted changes in the type and form of consumption culture day by day. And in conclusion, it is proposed to form an institution for prudent supervision in the space of virtual advertising. The results and findings of the research were such that the Iranian society has become extroverted due to the expansion of social networks. and virtual social networks in the apparent context of Iranian life, people looking for superficial issues, the role of consumer culture in people, as well as ideological factors, the sloganeering and impracticality of reforming consumption patterns, the use of self-made patterns to reform consumption, the media's lack of planning in promoting and recognizing consumption patterns, the influence of celebrities in social media, especially Instagram and exchanging information by word of mouth; It has caused changes in the type and form of consumption culture day by day. And it is obvious that reforming the process of social affairs in this field will not be possible apart from the guidance approach which is based on scientific and applied studies of needs assessment and adapting the current culture to the goals of human development. Research findings show that policymakers should consider consumer control over the information they are exposed to in social networks and Instagram. The power of the media, both positive and negative, still dominates the representations of people and their concerns. Less time for celebrities, lower costs for product development or promotional products, more creative product ideas, and greater product acceptance were some of the benefits cited, and celebrity endorsement appears to be important when communicating marketing messages. And they have considerable credibility. This shows that it is essential for brands to use Instagram effectively when determining their target audience; They should pay attention to what kind of fame and notoriety can be most effective in attracting a specific target group. The interviewers indicated that the lower-scale celebrity types were most influential, as these categories were perceived as more believable and relevant to users, especially with regard to purchasing decisions as the products and services they endorsed were more cost-effective for participants. Therefore, in choosing a celebrity, policy makers should focus more on a brand that customers can relate to. Due to the change of governments, today's government focuses more on Iran's foreign policy and economy. An institution that is necessary to monitor Iranian culture in the country's media to hold this industry responsible for representing Islamic Iranian culture. Although radio and television stations are required to allocate a certain amount of broadcast time to Iranian content with Islamic culture, which is regulated by the Communications and Telecommunications Commission and most of the Iranian Broadcasting Corporation, the products that the most visited Instagram pages in the field of promoting consumer products are usually free of charge. They will support Iranian brand-making companies regarding Iranian consumer products. As in other countries, young people in Iran care about their style, the only differences they have compared to others is the limitation in appearance and the absence of an organized system to work on consumer products. This system is mostly based on people and their interaction with other groups in the society. They are consumers, importers, personal designers and groups of creative young people who, inspired by global culture, create new trends to create domestic trends that will be more applicable in Iran's situation. Diversity in the age and social position of people and differences in their views lead to diversity in their tastes and classify them in different stages of accepting new trends, and different people in different stages of acceptance follow the same process of accepting innovations, but according to their local conditions. These conditions have caused integration and some changes in the stages of product diversification and its consumption among Iranians. Some people try to choose products and consume them by imitating others in order to achieve social status without paying special attention to their social position. The system offers a variety of products and needs to meet the emerging needs of larger groups of consumers who are mostly young and interested in new products, but our limitations Keywords: culture, virtual networks, Instagram, consumer goods

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Pathology of the role of Telegram on students' isolation and disorder in social interactions Case study: high school students in Tehran

manochehr shah baba; gholamreza latifi; mohammadreza rasouli

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.71475.1513

Abstract

The expansion of cyberspace and the use of its tools such as Telegram has brought about many changes in the lifestyle and interaction of citizens. Considering that students are one of the most vulnerable sections of the society in this field, this research examines the pathology of the role of Telegram ... Read More The expansion of cyberspace and the use of its tools such as Telegram has brought about many changes in the lifestyle and interaction of citizens. Considering that students are one of the most vulnerable sections of the society in this field, this research examines the pathology of the role of Telegram on the isolation and disruption of students in social interactions. Method: The research method used in this descriptive research is correlation, and by using the calculated correlation coefficients, a structural model was developed. The statistical population of the current study includes all high school students in Tehran in the academic year 2017-2018 and the sample size was selected based on the Cochran formula equal to 384 people. Spearman's statistics and Lisrel's structural equations to determine the abundance percentage, density percentage, etc.) have been used to confirm relationships and hypotheses. The world of technology is made up of different parts. Its goals are to improve and accelerate and facilitate communication between people in the society. One of the most used parts of communication technology can be mentioned virtual social networks. The public has become accessible and easy. Today, virtual social networks have gained a lot of popularity among young people. While these networks are spaces where they find new people and friends or keep their old friends informed about the changes in their lives, the place are for the exchange of ideas in which young people share their opinions and views. This ability for a young person to communicate with other people in the countries of the world makes these networks become a place where New ideas are introduced and discussed. Of course, along with these great advantages, one should also think about its hidden dangers. In this space, new opportunities for displaying personality are provided to users, and this space allows the individualization of ways. It has fueled the lives of young people and has set new boundaries in the formation of values and identification, especially the values related to familiarity and romantic friendships, which are among the harms of social networks. The issue of virtual social networks The main preoccupation of users in the world and consequently Iran has been. These virtual networks brought with them personal, social and cultural changes and had their impact on various social institutions such as family, friends, education, etc. has left, while this phenomenon will be effective in the individual and social behavior of humans and has caused people to distance themselves from real communities and close to virtual communities. virtual networks occur, increasing the importance of the issue and considering the rapid expansion of Internet users in Iran and the high composition of its young population compared to the recent past, this network seems important that the works and its consequences in different aspects, including the psychological, social and cultural effects of these virtual networks, as well as its effects on disrupting interactions and increasing isolation, should be investigated and explored. In this research, after studying several definitions of social networks and its effect on interaction, and in addition to that, examining the different theories of theorists in the field of social networks (advantages and disadvantages or challenges), we can reach the conclusion that the spread of virtual space and social networks Facebook, Telegram, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, etc., on the one hand, can help the dynamics and growth of the society and the youth, as well as the communication of different communities with each other, and can also cause harm to the members of the society. Especially the youth and teenagers. Findings: The findings of the research show that the harmful factors of social networks and the increase of social isolation are effective with emphasis on the role of Telegram in social interaction or social isolation among high school students in Tehran. Also, the harmful factors of social networks and disruption in social interaction with emphasis on the role of Telegram in social interaction or social isolation among high school students in Tehran are influential. And finally, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between students' isolation and disorder and the use of the Telegram social network. Conclusion: The use of the Telegram social network has an effect on the formation of social isolation among Tehran students, and due to reasons such as the lack of proper management and the weak culture of using Telegram, some social deviations and isolation have occurred in Tehran students. Keywords: social networks, pathology, telegram, isolation, disorder, students, social interactions

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Moving between Virtual and Real: Rational or Distressed Communication

Ali Entezari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.75274.1605

Abstract

In this article inconveniences between virtual space (VS) and real space (RS) and its probable damages have been theoretically investigated. The main aim is to analyze effects of accustoming to virtual space mechanisms and rules of creation of consciousness and perception has on the relationship and ... Read More In this article inconveniences between virtual space (VS) and real space (RS) and its probable damages have been theoretically investigated. The main aim is to analyze effects of accustoming to virtual space mechanisms and rules of creation of consciousness and perception has on the relationship and interactions in the real world. Mead’s “generalized others”, Habermas’s “communicational action” and Beck’s “risk society” has been reviewed in order to articulate the theoretical basis of the concept of “distressed communication”. It seems being drowned in virtual space and creation of virtual consciousness beside accustoming to rules and norms of virtual space has been conducted to some understanding disorders within real space. “Distressed communication” is more realized than “rational communication” in the era of hegemony of social media; the phenomenon that has resulted many damages on individual and group relationships. the problematic in here is just acting within the real on the basis and logic of virtual space. Computational error in sending message and meaningful action, being shocked by others’ reactions, expressing far desires as short-run aims are some of conceptual components of “distressed communication”. Besides holding contradictive statements, casual relationships, weakness in permanence of expressive identity, harmful and violent language are some of other components. The article should not be reckoned as nor pessimistic and neither optimistic toward virtual space. The main problematic of this article was how participants of unrest events at almost end of 2022 in Iran were very confident for overthrowing the political state, while acting as funny and fake revolutionaries. It seemed being drowned in virtual space such as acting in social media and playing virtual games have made them to believe in the logic of virtual space could be applied in the real space. Suffering from lack of rationality of acts, that this kind of transferring would have brought about for them is one of the reasons of necessity of explaining this situation. In order to access to an applicable concept, Meads “generalized others” specially the concepts related to “putting oneself in other shoes” and “definition of situation” were very close in order to explain the main problem of communication in the real world. It seems the actors who had experiencing drowning in the virtual space who we can name them “Actors Drowned in Virtual Space” or “ADVS” while have improved their ability to communicate in the virtual space (VS), have lost the logic of interaction in the real space (RS). Tensions between RS and VS has brought about a condition that Habermas “theory of action” specially “communicational reason” is far to be stabilized. More often this kind of tensions have resulted in irrational communication. Although the main target of Habermas was to describe the “reason” instead of “communication”, but it seems the reason is being ruined under this kind of tensions. Therefore according to the tensions between VS and RS, both “instrumental reason” as Weber suggested and “communicative reason” as Habermas suggests are far from reality of the current relationships. Within VS by governance mechanisms of the platform of social media besides the latent armies such as different group of oppositions whom partially were recently disgraced in Albania and the cost and benfits of having more followers in order to reflect more ads, talking about reason is more ironic than philosophical sophistaction. At the margin of the article Haberms, Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Zymunt Bauman task in order to theorize globalization and late modernity has been verified. Their commitment in order to find a refuge for modernity through the concepts of “communicational reason”, risk society, liquid modernity are mostly fantasies of the real events of the world. Since the theory and concept of globalization has been challenged by the concept of “polarization” and multipolar world by Entezari (2010) suggested, while some of Iranian scholars were very resistant to it, so many articles and books have been written in order to unveil the ideological context of defending modernity (for example: Dugin 2021؛ Abbas 2022؛ Amin 2006؛ Clegg 2009؛ Deitz et al 2009؛ Plagemann 2015؛ Dee 2015؛ Mitchell et al 2013؛ Stahl 2018؛ Woodley 2015؛ Hiro 2010؛ The Saker 2015؛ Singh 2020؛ Ohanyan & Broeers 2020؛ Hussain 2016؛ Diesen 2012؛ Engel & Ramos 2013؛ Cimbala 2017؛ Lesage et al 2016؛ Silvius 2016؛ Mori 2020). Under the polarization theoretical framework, the concept of “distressed communication” instead of “rational communication” could be better explained.

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Offer the model of citizenship culture promotion based on the use of social networks among Tehran citizens

Faezeh Taghipour; Haniyeh Naghdi; Reza Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.60091.1180

Abstract

1- Introduction As a novel notion in the new context of human collective life, which guides sustainable human interactions, the culture of citizenship has attracted the attention of many researchers. The citizenship culture has been affected by the concept of culture and citizen throughout history. This ... Read More 1- Introduction As a novel notion in the new context of human collective life, which guides sustainable human interactions, the culture of citizenship has attracted the attention of many researchers. The citizenship culture has been affected by the concept of culture and citizen throughout history. This concept used to make sense in the field of law and people's obedience to it; however, it has found an extensive meaning at present. The Internet and social networks are means to disseminate cultural symbols and are regarded as a source of information and awareness in a variety of domains, such as culture, and the factor of creating cultural changes and transformations of the people. The aspects of the problem have become wider and the significance of the matter has been aggravated with the spread of smart cell phones and the capability of using them for searching social networks such as Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, Twitter, etc., and also the extensive utilization of these networks by people throughout the day and night. Today's social networks have caused persons in these networks to deal with preparing, producing, publishing, and republishing diverse information in different areas. Because of the ever-rising application of these networks, they will influence the citizenship culture of people from all walks of life, and ignoring this issue can impose irreparable losses. Hence, the necessity to study the advantages and disadvantages of these social networks is not a secret. However, regarding the reviews carried out on the previous research, the majority of these studies have examined this topic with different approaches and they have paid less attention to investigating the impacts of social networks on the culture of citizenship. Taking into account the broadness of citizens' use of social networks and their impressions on different dimensions of life, the need for research on these networks is evident. Thus, the current article sought to respond to the question that whether it is possible to propose a model that can upgrade the culture of citizenship using social networks by investigating the role of social networks on citizenship culture. 2- Literature Review Matani et al. (2019) in a study entitled “Investigation of Using Mass Media and Adherence to Citizenship Culture (Case Study: Citizens over 18 Years Old in Ghaem Shahr City)” using field method, survey technique, and questionnaire instrument concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between using mass media and the total level of adherence to the culture of citizenship and its dimensions, i.e. social participation, generalism, responsibility, the tendency to follow the law. Ghafarinasab et al. (2019) in a study entitled “Sociological Explanation of Citizenship Culture (Case Study: Citizens 15 Years Above in Eqlid City)” argue that citizenship is one of the important indicators of progress and development in developing countries. One of the dimensions of citizenship is the culture of citizenship. The establishment and extension of citizenship can be seen as a serious way of solving the social problems in developing countries. Using the theories of Marshall, Janoski, Faulks, and Turner, they examine the culture of citizenship among the citizens of Eqlid City. Besides, they exploited the survey as a method and also the questionnaire as an instrument for collecting data. They selected the sample by using a manner called multi-stage cluster sampling. Results demonstrate that the citizenship culture among citizens is about over mean. The examination of the hypothesis indicates that variables such as gender, marital status, the degree of religious commitment, social identity, the extent of using media, and political awareness have a significant relationship with the culture of citizenship. Askarizadeh (2019) conducted a study entitled “Identifying Social and Educational Factors Affecting the Promotion of Citizenship Culture in the Neighborhoods of Bandar Abbas City” with a descriptive survey-exploratory method using a random cluster sampling method. The sample size also included 458 people. Besides, the questionnaire instrument was exploited in this survey. Of the social factors, awareness of citizenship rights, rule of law and orderliness, collective interests, awareness of external and internal events, responsibility, generalism, use of cultural centers, and use of the media influenced the citizenship culture, respectively. Among the educational factors, legal infrastructure and bylaws, written and specific educational goals, executive structures, the existence of different training courses, acceptance of change among citizens, awareness & capability of officials, innovative management and supportive managers, the ability of citizens, the attitude of officials, the enthusiasm of citizens, incentives, communication between officials and citizens, technical infrastructure, presence of supporting human resources in setting up and supervision affect the citizenship culture, respectively. 3- Methodology The present study intended to present a model for promoting citizenship culture based on using social networks among citizens of Tehran. This is an applied study by purpose, a cross-sectional study by the data collection time, and a qualitative research design by the procedure. A qualitative method with a grounded theory approach was adopted, and the theoretical sampling method was used. The statistical population of this research included specialists and experts in social networks and citizenship culture (university professors, city managers, etc.) that reached saturation and no additional data were found through conducting a new interview. The open, axial, and selective codes were extracted via analyzing the interviews. On the basis of Corbin & Strauss's grounded theory, the causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, action/interaction strategies, and consequences were then examined and identified. In accordance with the conceptual model, the conditions for the promotion of citizenship culture were eventually specified. 4- Conclusion Interpreting and analyzing the statistical results revealed that social networks positively and significantly influence the dimensions of citizenship culture and upgrade the culture. Nevertheless, creating some changes and transformations is required in Iran in this regard so that effective performance in the direction of promoting citizenship culture based on social networks can be rendered. Nowadays, with the entry of virtual social networks in the lives of citizens, these networks have been greatly welcome to meet the needs of many people. These networks evidently affect different areas of life such that the consequences arising from the presence of these networks have found ostensible representation and it is undeniable. Furthermore, social networks are impressive to enhance and strengthen social interactions in virtual space and have unparalleled impacts on different aspects of citizens' lives.

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Studying the role of new media on the teaching and learning process of students (A case study of teenagers who are high school students in multiple areas of Tehran)

alireza abdollahinejad; زهرا mohajeriamiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.74097.1574

Abstract

Teenagers, as a dynamic and active generation who are supposed to build the future of the country, form many of their actions and behaviors in the context of virtual social networks and beyond communication in the real life environment. As a generation that was born with technology and grew up in a society ... Read More Teenagers, as a dynamic and active generation who are supposed to build the future of the country, form many of their actions and behaviors in the context of virtual social networks and beyond communication in the real life environment. As a generation that was born with technology and grew up in a society based on communication technologies and transferred an important part of their real life behavior and actions to the virtual world, they are now more than ever influenced by technology and Marshall McLuhan's words are involved in technological determinism. In the meantime, in social life and communication based on technology, a major part of the life of the teenage generation is formed and continues in the school environment and interaction with new communication tools, possibilities and places, especially social media. Teenagers, who constitute a large population of the so-called Z generation or the electronic generation, choose and use the new social media as an important source of information and a tool for interaction and communication among their friends, along with their peers. For this generation, electronic devices, which were once a luxury for their parents, are always considered as a basic necessity to live in the modern world. They are the first generation for whom the extraordinary technological advances of the 20th century are just a normal part of life. In recent years, the use of virtual social networks has grown significantly, especially among teenagers and high school students. However, little is known about the extent, purpose, and manner in which students use new media in Iran, and more specifically, whether these new media tools help or harm their academic achievement. . Therefore, with the aim of studying the extent, scope and contexts of using new media platforms among Iranian teenagers, the main problem of the current research is how teenage high school students in Tehran use social media to promote educational activities and They use their lessons and communicating with peers and academic groups in doing things related to school, following up on curricular topics and the like. In other words, this research tries to study the goals of educational use of social media by high school students in Tehran and check whether variables such as gender, the amount of time spent on social media, and the use of social networks have a significant relationship with the activity. Does it have educational and learning opportunities for students or not? The aim of the present research is to study the impact of new media platforms on the educational process of generation Z teenage students in the first and second secondary levels of high schools in Tehran using a survey method. The data in this research was collected by using a researcher-made questionnaire and distributing it among a valid sample size of 450 students in eight girls' and boys' high schools in Tehran. The analysis of the findings shows that more than 66.9% of the male and female students participating in the research spend more than 2 hours a day on new social media for various activities from entertainment to communicating with friends and classmates. and follow up on matters related to their school and education. Conducting various statistical tests, including K-Square and two-way variance, showed that the independent variable is the amount of students' presence in virtual social platforms in four of the total cases related to teaching and learning, including getting help from the teacher, getting rid of the stress of lessons and exams, Access to educational and educational content in the context of virtual social networks and disrupting studying due to presence in new media platforms has been effective, and the independent variable of gender has played an effective role only in the component of using social media for collaborative learning. Is. The findings show: the variable of students' presence in virtual social platforms has a significant relationship; In other words, the more students participate in new media platforms, the more "disruption in studying" and "relief from the stress of lessons and exams" (direct relationship). Also, the presence of most of the studied students on social media does not necessarily mean more and wider access to the educational content and getting help from the teacher in this context. Keywords: social media. Education. learning Generation Z Youth. High school students. Tehran.

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