Factors affecting migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering

Rahimi, Marzieh; Mohammadi Nasab, Mahdi

doi:10.22054/nms.2022.64673.1312

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Master of of Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.64673.1312

Abstract

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering. This research is explorative applied research. For analyzing factors, the thematic analysis method was used. Then, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the relationship between these factors was identified by 15 experts. These factors were classified into 5 levels. The results show that three factors: WhatsApp doesn’t need a VPN, voice and video call capability, and WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices, are the most influential factors; and factors like a habit to use foreign messengers, presence of contacts on WhatsApp (popularity), absence of contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity), forming or migrating groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others, pressure of others to migrate to WhatsApp, negative WOM about domestic messengers and feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers are the most impressive factors.
Keywords: Virtual social network, Social messenger, Domestic messenger, Interpretive structural modeling, WhatsApp, Telegram.

Main Question:
What are the factors affecting the migration of Iranian Telegram users to WhatsApp instead of migration to domestic messengers after filtering Telegram?
Literature review:
- Consumer behavior
- Behavioral intention
- Virtual social networks and social messengers
- Disadvantages and damages of foreign messengers

Research Methodology

Start

Research Overview

Leveling factors

Identifying the affecting factors of the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering

Identifying the most important factors

Thematic Analysis

Screening

With expert’s views

Designing Questionnaire based on interpretive structural modeling standard

Interview

Technique ISM

Determining conceptual relationships between factors

Fig. 1. Research steps.
Findings:
Table 2: The most important factors affecting the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering.

No

Factors

Source

1

Adequate and prior knowledge of WhatsApp

Interview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)

2

Lack of sufficient knowledge of domestic messengers

Interview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)

3

Getting used to using foreign messengers

Interview

4

WhatsApp antiquity and credit

Interview

5

Presence of my contacts on WhatsApp(popularity)

Interview, Zhang et al. (2017), Rabiee and Kermani (2015), Karimian et al. (2017)

6

Absence of my contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity)

Interview

7

WhatsApp is international

Interview

8

Absence of my contacts in Telegram due to VPN problems

Interview

9

Forming or transferring groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others

Interview

10

Pressure and suggestion of others to migrate to WhatsApp

Interview, Kazemi et al. (2015), Razeghi et al. (2017)

11

Advertise negative word of mouth about domestic messengers

Interview

12

Easy and permanent access, ease of use, and high-speed WhatsApp

Interview, Torino et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2019), Chang et al. (2015), Garcia Martin and Garcia Sanchez (2015), Singh et al. (2015), Kermani and Mozaffari (2018), Zamani and Taghipour (2017), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Hakim Ara et al. (2014), Akbari et al. (2014), Karimian et al. (2017), Rezaei et al. (2016), Heidari et al. (2016), Jafari et al. (2016), Ebrahimi and Ein Ali (2019), Forghani and Mohajeri (2018), Afshani et al. (2018)

13

Hardship use, low speed and delay, and bugs and technical defects in domestic messengers

Interview

14

Difficult access, being time-consuming, low speed, costly, and Telegram inefficiency due to the use of VPN and its frequent disconnection and connection

Interview

15

High security of WhatsApp

Interview

16

Feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers due to their non-encryption and hacking

Interview

17

Lack of trust in domestic messengers

Interview, Farzaneh and Falahati Shahab al-Dini (2015), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Heidari et al. (2016)

18

WhatsApp does not need a VPN

Interview

19

I can do all of my work with WhatsApp

Interview, Forghani and Mohajeri (2017)

20

Attractiveness (due to having a story option) and WhatsApp is beautiful and user-friendly

Interview, Singh et al. (2015), Rezaei et al. (2016)

21

The capability of voice and video call on WhatsApp

Interview

22

WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices and no installation of domestic messengers on mobile phones with the IOS system

Interview, Zhang et al. (2017)

23

Domestic messengers are not beautiful and lack of enjoyment in them

Interview

24

Some channels are not active in domestic messengers

Interview

25

Imitation in domestic messengers from foreign messengers and lack of innovation in domestic messengers

Interview

LEVEL 1

3

5

6

9

10

11

16

LEVEL 2

1

4

19

LEVEL 3

7

8

17

24

LEVEL 4

2

12

13

14

15

20

23

25

LEVEL 5

18

21

22

Fig. 2. ISM research model.

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering. This research is explorative applied research. For analyzing factors, the thematic analysis method was used. Then, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the relationship between these factors was identified by 15 experts. These factors were classified into 5 levels. The results show that three factors: WhatsApp doesn’t need a VPN, voice and video call capability, and WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices, are the most influential factors; and factors like a habit to use foreign messengers, presence of contacts on WhatsApp (popularity), absence of contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity), forming or migrating groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others, pressure of others to migrate to WhatsApp, negative WOM about domestic messengers and feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers are the most impressive factors.
Keywords: Virtual social network, Social messenger, Domestic messenger, Interpretive structural modeling, WhatsApp, Telegram.

Main Question:
What are the factors affecting the migration of Iranian Telegram users to WhatsApp instead of migration to domestic messengers after filtering Telegram?
Literature review:
- Consumer behavior
- Behavioral intention
- Virtual social networks and social messengers
- Disadvantages and damages of foreign messengers

Research Methodology

Start

Research Overview

Leveling factors

Identifying the affecting factors of the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering

Identifying the most important factors

Thematic Analysis

Screening

With expert’s views

Designing Questionnaire based on interpretive structural modeling standard

Interview

Technique ISM

Determining conceptual relationships between factors

Fig. 1. Research steps.
Findings:
Table 2: The most important factors affecting the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering.

No

Factors

Source

1

Adequate and prior knowledge of WhatsApp

Interview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)

2

Lack of sufficient knowledge of domestic messengers

Interview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)

3

Getting used to using foreign messengers

Interview

4

WhatsApp antiquity and credit

Interview

5

Presence of my contacts on WhatsApp(popularity)

Interview, Zhang et al. (2017), Rabiee and Kermani (2015), Karimian et al. (2017)

6

Absence of my contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity)

Interview

7

WhatsApp is international

Interview

8

Absence of my contacts in Telegram due to VPN problems

Interview

9

Forming or transferring groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others

Interview

10

Pressure and suggestion of others to migrate to WhatsApp

Interview, Kazemi et al. (2015), Razeghi et al. (2017)

11

Advertise negative word of mouth about domestic messengers

Interview

12

Easy and permanent access, ease of use, and high-speed WhatsApp

Interview, Torino et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2019), Chang et al. (2015), Garcia Martin and Garcia Sanchez (2015), Singh et al. (2015), Kermani and Mozaffari (2018), Zamani and Taghipour (2017), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Hakim Ara et al. (2014), Akbari et al. (2014), Karimian et al. (2017), Rezaei et al. (2016), Heidari et al. (2016), Jafari et al. (2016), Ebrahimi and Ein Ali (2019), Forghani and Mohajeri (2018), Afshani et al. (2018)

13

Hardship use, low speed and delay, and bugs and technical defects in domestic messengers

Interview

14

Difficult access, being time-consuming, low speed, costly, and Telegram inefficiency due to the use of VPN and its frequent disconnection and connection

Interview

15

High security of WhatsApp

Interview

16

Feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers due to their non-encryption and hacking

Interview

17

Lack of trust in domestic messengers

Interview, Farzaneh and Falahati Shahab al-Dini (2015), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Heidari et al. (2016)

18

WhatsApp does not need a VPN

Interview

19

I can do all of my work with WhatsApp

Interview, Forghani and Mohajeri (2017)

20

Attractiveness (due to having a story option) and WhatsApp is beautiful and user-friendly

Interview, Singh et al. (2015), Rezaei et al. (2016)

21

The capability of voice and video call on WhatsApp

Interview

22

WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices and no installation of domestic messengers on mobile phones with the IOS system

Interview, Zhang et al. (2017)

23

Domestic messengers are not beautiful and lack of enjoyment in them

Interview

24

Some channels are not active in domestic messengers

Interview

25

Imitation in domestic messengers from foreign messengers and lack of innovation in domestic messengers

Interview

LEVEL 1

3

5

6

9

10

11

16

LEVEL 2

1

4

19

LEVEL 3

7

8

17

24

LEVEL 4

2

12

13

14

15

20

23

25

LEVEL 5

18

21

22

Fig. 2. ISM research model.

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering. This research is explorative applied research. For analyzing factors, the thematic analysis method was used. Then, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the relationship between these factors was identified by 15 experts. These factors were classified into 5 levels. The results show that three factors: WhatsApp doesn’t need a VPN, voice and video call capability, and WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices, are the most influential factors; and factors like a habit to use foreign messengers, presence of contacts on WhatsApp (popularity), absence of contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity), forming or migrating groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others, pressure of others to migrate to WhatsApp, negative WOM about domestic messengers and feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers are the most impressive factors.
Keywords: Virtual social network, Social messenger, Domestic messenger, Interpretive structural modeling, WhatsApp, Telegram.

Main Question:
What are the factors affecting the migration of Iranian Telegram users to WhatsApp instead of migration to domestic messengers after filtering Telegram?
Literature review:
- Consumer behavior
- Behavioral intention
- Virtual social networks and social messengers
- Disadvantages and damages of foreign messengers

Research Methodology

Start

Research Overview

Leveling factors

Identifying the affecting factors of the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering

Identifying the most important factors

Thematic Analysis

Screening

With expert’s views

Designing Questionnaire based on interpretive structural modeling standard

Interview

Technique ISM

Determining conceptual relationships between factors

Fig. 1. Research steps.
Findings:
Table 2: The most important factors affecting the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering.

No

Factors

Source

1

Adequate and prior knowledge of WhatsApp

Interview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)

2

Lack of sufficient knowledge of domestic messengers

Interview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)

3

Getting used to using foreign messengers

Interview

4

WhatsApp antiquity and credit

Interview

5

Presence of my contacts on WhatsApp(popularity)

Interview, Zhang et al. (2017), Rabiee and Kermani (2015), Karimian et al. (2017)

6

Absence of my contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity)

Interview

7

WhatsApp is international

Interview

8

Absence of my contacts in Telegram due to VPN problems

Interview

9

Forming or transferring groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others

Interview

10

Pressure and suggestion of others to migrate to WhatsApp

Interview, Kazemi et al. (2015), Razeghi et al. (2017)

11

Advertise negative word of mouth about domestic messengers

Interview

12

Easy and permanent access, ease of use, and high-speed WhatsApp

Interview, Torino et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2019), Chang et al. (2015), Garcia Martin and Garcia Sanchez (2015), Singh et al. (2015), Kermani and Mozaffari (2018), Zamani and Taghipour (2017), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Hakim Ara et al. (2014), Akbari et al. (2014), Karimian et al. (2017), Rezaei et al. (2016), Heidari et al. (2016), Jafari et al. (2016), Ebrahimi and Ein Ali (2019), Forghani and Mohajeri (2018), Afshani et al. (2018)

13

Hardship use, low speed and delay, and bugs and technical defects in domestic messengers

Interview

14

Difficult access, being time-consuming, low speed, costly, and Telegram inefficiency due to the use of VPN and its frequent disconnection and connection

Interview

15

High security of WhatsApp

Interview

16

Feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers due to their non-encryption and hacking

Interview

17

Lack of trust in domestic messengers

Interview, Farzaneh and Falahati Shahab al-Dini (2015), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Heidari et al. (2016)

18

WhatsApp does not need a VPN

Interview

19

I can do all of my work with WhatsApp

Interview, Forghani and Mohajeri (2017)

20

Attractiveness (due to having a story option) and WhatsApp is beautiful and user-friendly

Interview, Singh et al. (2015), Rezaei et al. (2016)

21

The capability of voice and video call on WhatsApp

Interview

22

WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices and no installation of domestic messengers on mobile phones with the IOS system

Interview, Zhang et al. (2017)

23

Domestic messengers are not beautiful and lack of enjoyment in them

Interview

24

Some channels are not active in domestic messengers

Interview

25

Imitation in domestic messengers from foreign messengers and lack of innovation in domestic messengers

Interview

LEVEL 1

3

5

6

9

10

11

16

LEVEL 2

1

4

19

LEVEL 3

7

8

17

24

LEVEL 4

2

12

13

14

15

20

23

25

LEVEL 5

18

21

22

Fig. 2. ISM research model.

Fig. 3. Driving Power and Dependence Power matrix.

Fig. 3. Driving Power and Dependence Power matrix.

Keywords

20.1001.1.25382209.1402.9.33.5.4

References

References

Aburagaga, I., Agoyi, M., Elgedawy, I., (2020). Assessing Faculty’s Use of Social Network Tools in Libyan Higher Education via a Technology Acceptance Model. IEEE Access 8, 116415–116430. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3004200

Aloudat, A., Al-Shamaileh, O., Michael, K., (2019). Why some people do not use Facebook? Social Network Analysis and Mining 9, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-019-0564-z

Asnafi, M. R., Farhangi, A. A., Givian, A., Mozaffari, A., (2019). Investigating Barriers to Competition between Native Social Media and International Social Media. Journal of Communication Research 96(4), 72-41.

Ayyash, M.M., Herzallah, F.A.T., Ahmad, W., (2020). Towards social network sites acceptance in e-learning system: Students perspective at palestine technical university-kadoorie. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 312–320. https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110241

Boyd, D.M., Ellison, N.B., (2010). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. IEEE Engineering Management Review 38, 16. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2010.5559139

Chang, C., Srirama, S.N., Ling, S., (2014). Towards an adaptive mediation framework for Mobile Social Network in Proximity. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 12, 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2013.02.004

Chang, C.C., Hung, S.W., Cheng, M.J., Wu, C.Y., (2015). Exploring the intention to continue using social networking sites: The case of Facebook. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 95, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.03.012

Craig, S.L., Eaton, A.D., McInroy, L.B., Leung, V.W.Y., Krishnan, S., (2021). Can Social Media Participation Enhance LGBTQ+ Youth Well-Being? Development of the Social Media Benefits Scale. Social Media and Society 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305121988931

Dadgaran, M., Kharazi Azar, Z., Debleshki, F., (2017). The role of social networks in promoting the culture of reading books (case study: Followers of the book on the Instagram social network). Cultural Social Strategy 6(22), 207-234.

Ebrahimi, A., Ein Ali, M., (2019). Effecting factors for the intention to continue using social networks; With the trust mediation (case study: Telegram and Soroush messengers). Global Media Magazine 14(1), 29-49.

García-Martín, J., García-Sánchez, J.N., (2015). Use of Facebook, Tuenti, Twitter and Myspace among young Spanish people. Behaviour and Information Technology 34, 685–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.993428

Gholizadeh, A., Zamani, A., (2017). A qualitative study of the challenges of mobile social networks in users' life. Media 1(106), 103-120.

Hassanzadeh, H., (2017). Investigating the Reasons for Users' Lack of Welcome of Soroush Messengers, Radio and Television University, Faculty of Communication and Media.

Hex, A., (2017). Delta model: Recreating business strategy. Translation: Mohammad Mehdi Mehdikhah and Saeed Hosseinzadeh. Imam Sadegh University, Tehran.

Iranian Students' Opinion Polling Association (ISPA), (2018). Soroush's fate 3 months after the Telegram filtering. Retrieved from. http://ispa.ir/Default/Details/fa/1935/(accessed 7.15.2018).

Iranian Students' Opinion Polling Association (ISPA), (2019). Evaluation of one year of Telegram filtering / Infographic. Retrieved from. http://ispa.ir/Default/Details/fa/2062/(accessed 5.25.2019).

Iranian Students' Opinion Polling Association (ISPA), (2019). The most important findings of ISPA in 98. Retrieved from. http://www.ispa.ir/Default/Details/fa/2168/(accessed 3.19.2020).

Iranian Students' Opinion Polling Association (ISPA), (2020). 73.6% of People over the age of 18 in the country currently use social media / WhatsApp messenger is at the first rank." Retrieved from. http://www.ispa.ir/Default/Details/fa/2282/73.6(accessed 2.22.2021).

Islamic Consultative Assembly, (2019). Law on maximum use of the country’s production and service capacity and protection of Iranian goods. iran.

Jafarpour, M., (2011). Conceptualization and study of variables affecting the acceptance of social network sites and the role of non-governmental organizations in them. Strategic Studies of Mobilization 14(52), 109-148.

Jahangir, G. H., Dayani, M. H., Nokarizi, M., (2015). Development of davis information technology admission model (TAM) by measuring the impact of self-efficacy and inefficient beliefs of faculty members of Mashhad university of medical sciences on the acceptance of research information system (researchers), Based on cognitive-social approach. Journal of Library and Information Science 5(2), 319-339.

Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., (2012). Marketing Management. Translation: Ahmad Rah Chamani, Majid Safaei, and Afshin Fathollahi Kohaneh Shahri, 4th ed. Bahman Borna, Tehran.

Kermani, H., Mozaffari, A., (2018). Telegram and nothing else: Analysis and explanation of factors affecting the use of Telegram as preferred messengers in Iran. Media Studies 1(40), 7-20.

Kermani, H., Pakdaman, Y., Ashtiani, M., (2016). Study of the preference factors of Telegram instant messenger to upon other similar programs by Iranian users. Quarterly Journal of Society, Culture, Media 5(18), 61-75.

Luthy, M., (2007). Conducting International Consumer Ethnocentrism Surveys. Journal of International Business Research 6(2), 33-42.

Makizadeh, F., (2015). Study of effective factors on the intention to use social networks among students of Yazd university. Communication Research 2(82), 123-140.

Mohammadian Dugaheh, B., (2017). Social media and domestic messengers’ implementation requirements. Wisdom Magazine (Hekmatnameh) 2(13), 34-39.

Momeni, D., Asadi, A., Saghafi, F., Roshandel Arbatani, T., (2018). Development of a model for commercialization strategies of Iranian messengers. Journal of Communication Research 4(96), 73-108.

Mowen, J., Minor, M., (2014). Consumer behavioral. Translation: Kambiz Heidarzadeh. Mehraban nashr, Tehran.

Naji, A., (2016). Develop a framework of factors affecting the acceptance of organizational social networks. Ferdowsi university of Mashhad Faculty of administrative and economic sciences.

National Cyberspace Center, (2018). Exploitation of Big Data of Iranian Users by Telegram Retrieved from. http://www.majazi.ir/web directory/15077

National Cyberspace Center, (2018). Telegram, a Project for Specific Countries. Retrieved from. http://www.majazi.ir/web directory/15077

National Cyberspace Center, (2018). People Trust Domestic Messengers. Retrieved from. http://majazi.ir/news/84649

Panteli, N., (2009). Virtual Social Networks: A New Dimension for Virtuality Research. In Virtual Social Networks. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp. 1-17.

Passive Defense Committee, (2018). In many recent problems in the world, including domestic and international problems of countries, the traces of the telegram have been seen. For this reason, some countries have decided to close the telegram completely or restrict access to it in their own country. Retrieved from. http://padafand.gtc-portal.com/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=11&pageid=705&newsview=12850/(accessed 4.11.2018).

Passive Defense Committee, (2018). The veil was unveiled and the anti-Iranian nature of Pavel Durov became clear to everyone. Retrieved from. http://padafand.gtc-portal.com/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=11&pageid=705&newsview=12907/(accessed 4.24.2018).

Passive Defense Information Base (National Sustainability), (2018). Dual performance of the Ministry of Communications towards social networks and messengers. News ID 33785. Retrieved from. http://paydarymelli.ir/fa/news/33785/(accessed 4.11.2018).

Rabiee, A., Kermani, H., (2015). Reasons to prefer a virtual social network than other networks: A case study of Google Plus and Facebook. Global media Magazine 10(1), 1-19.

Rezaei, M., (2009). Common theories about the acceptance of information and communication technologies. Journal of Communication Research 4(60), 63-93.

Sanakulov, N., Karjaluoto, H., (2015). Consumer adoption of mobile technologies: A literature review. International Journal of Mobile Communications 13, 244–275. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2015.069120

Saraj Cyberspace Organization, (2018). Economic benefits of domestic messengers [video file]. Retrieved from. https://www.aparat.com/v/i5o98/

Sedghi A. K., (2015). Investigating the benefits and barriers to using mobile social networks (messengers) in organizations. Hormozgan University Qeshm Campus.

Shimp, T.A., (1984). Consumer ethnocentrism: The concept and a preliminary empirical test. Advances in Consumer Research 11, 285–290.

Solomon, M. R., (2018). Consumer behavior (buying, having and being). Translation: Kambiz Heidarzadeh, 5th ed. Marketing, Tehran.

Statista, (2016). Most popular global mobile messenger apps 2016 [WWW Document]. Www.Statista.Com. URL http://www.statista.com/statistics/258749/most-popular-global-mobile-messenger-apps/

Supreme Council of Cyberspace, (2017). Policies and proceedings to social messengers organizing.

Talebpour, A., Sheidaie, M., Khalilzadeh Salmasi, M., Emadi, K., (2014). Reviewing and categorizing the strategy of countries in the world in the face of virtual social networks. Strategy Quarterly 23(73), 43-71.

Tarhini, A., Alalwan, A.A., Cao, D., Al-Qirim, N., (2021). Integrating emotional attachment, resource sharing, communication and collaboration into UTAUT2 to examine students’ behavioural intention to adopt social media networks in education. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 13, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTEL.2021.111588

Unal, E., Uzun, A.M., (2021). Understanding university students’ behavioral intention to use Edmodo through the lens of an extended technology acceptance model. British Journal of Educational Technology 52, 619–637. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13046

Weerasinghe, S., Hindagolla, M.C.B., (2021). Acceptance of social network sites by university librarians. IFLA Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035220983362

Wiafe, I., Koranteng, F.N., Kastriku, F.A., Gyamera, G.O., (2020). Assessing the impact of persuasive features on user’s intention to continuous use: the case of academic social networking sites. Behaviour and Information Technology 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1832146

Young Journalist Club, (2018). A review of advances in the messenger industry. News ID 6806353. Retrieved from. https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/6806353/(accessed 1.24.2019).

YU, R.P., (2020). Use of Messaging Apps and Social Network Sites Among Older Adults: A Mixed-Method Study. International Journal of Communication 14, 4453–4473.

Zhang, C.B., Li, Y.N., Wu, B., Li, D.J., (2017). How WeChat can retain users: Roles of network externalities, social interaction ties, and perceived values in building continuance intention. Computers in Human Behavior 69, 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.069

New Media Studies

Factors affecting migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering

References

References

Volume 9, Issue 33 - Serial Number 33
May 2023
Pages 222-175

Factors affecting migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering

References

References

Volume 9, Issue 33 - Serial Number 33May 2023Pages 222-175

Volume 9, Issue 33 - Serial Number 33
May 2023
Pages 222-175