New Media Studies
Seyed mohammad reza Maddah; Ehsan Shahghasemi; Mozhgan Sabet Teimouri
Abstract
This study aims to present a model for an effective domestic messaging application with a focus on the role of users' media literacy. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify the key indicators of an effective domestic messaging application. The fuzzy Delphi ...
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This study aims to present a model for an effective domestic messaging application with a focus on the role of users' media literacy. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify the key indicators of an effective domestic messaging application. The fuzzy Delphi technique was then used to localize these indicators, ensuring that expert consensus was the basis for decision-making while providing a more precise analysis of verbal opinions in a fuzzy environment. From 66 indicators identified in the literature, 51 final indicators were determined after three rounds of Delphi analysis with 14 media experts and university professors. These indicators were categorized into seven groups. The seven key indicators affecting media literacy included data protection and user privacy, user experience and capabilities, support and sustainability, social networking and collaboration, technical advancement and compatibility, performance and technical efficiency, and access and usability.The research findings indicate that to create an effective domestic messaging application, special attention should first be given to providing easy access to resources and creating platforms for social collaboration. Following this, improving technical performance, adapting to users' evolving needs, ensuring service stability and quality, and finally, protecting user data and privacy should be emphasized. Based on these findings, practical recommendations include developing educational platforms to enhance users' media literacy, holding educational workshops and webinars, providing regular updates for media tools, and implementing strong security systems to protect user data and privacy.
Introduction
The present study aims to provide an efficient model for domestic messengers, focusing on the role of users' media literacy. Given the increasing importance of messaging platforms as key communication tools in the digital world and the growing use of such platforms within the country, the need for high-quality, reliable domestic messaging services is felt more than ever. This research seeks to identify key indicators that impact the efficiency of domestic messengers and, by emphasizing the media literacy of users, offers a comprehensive and practical model for the development of domestic messaging platforms.
Importance and Necessity of the Research
Messaging apps today occupy a significant portion of the digital space, playing a crucial role in information transfer, social interactions, and even business development. In Iran, with the widespread use of foreign messaging platforms and various restrictions, including privacy challenges, the importance of developing domestic messengers is strongly felt. However, domestic platforms have not yet been able to fully satisfy users, primarily due to the lack of attention to media literacy as a critical factor in their design and development.
Media Literacy and Its Role in Domestic Messaging Platforms
Media literacy refers to the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media content, which helps users to correctly understand media messages and use them intelligently and critically. In domestic messengers, media literacy is important not only for understanding received content but also for content creation. Users should be able to utilize messaging tools and features to produce useful and secure content while avoiding the risks associated with misinformation and harmful content. This research has sought to identify and categorize the key indicators related to the efficiency of domestic messengers and the factors that influence users' media literacy.
Research Methodology
This study was conducted using a descriptive-exploratory approach, and data were collected using the fuzzy Delphi technique. In the first stage, through an extensive review of the literature, 66 indicators related to the efficiency of domestic messaging platforms were identified. These indicators were then refined and reduced to 51 key indicators over three rounds of the fuzzy Delphi process, involving 14 experts in media and communications. These indicators were categorized into seven key groups, each directly impacting media literacy and the efficiency of messaging platforms.
Key Identified Indicators
1. Data Protection and User Privacy: Ensuring personal information security and privacy is a primary concern for messaging app users. This category includes indicators such as message encryption, support for security standards, and user data protection.
2. User Experience and Features: A simple user experience and efficient features, such as a user-friendly interface, multimedia file support, and advanced communication capabilities, are important factors in attracting and retaining users.
3. Support and Stability: Adequate technical support and the provision of stable, high-quality services are factors that guarantee user satisfaction.
4. Networking and Social Collaboration: Features like group management, channels, and social tools facilitate social interactions and increase user-to-user engagement.
5. Technical Advancement and Compatibility: Messaging platforms must have the ability to upgrade and adapt to current needs and be resilient to technological changes.
6. Technical Performance and Efficiency: Smooth performance, stability, and high speed are critical factors for users' continuous use of a messaging platform.
7. Accessibility and Usability: The platform must be usable by a wide range of users with different needs and access levels, including those with accessibility limitations.
Research Findings
The research findings indicate that to create an efficient domestic messaging platform, attention must be given to a range of key factors. Foremost, user security and privacy must be prioritized, and developers should seriously adhere to international security standards. Additionally, creating a simple user experience with efficient features plays an important role in attracting and retaining users.
On the other hand, media literacy education for users is highlighted as an essential element in the intelligent and safe use of messaging platforms. Conducting workshops and training programs aimed at improving users' media literacy can lead to increased trust and user satisfaction.
Practical Recommendations
Based on the findings, the following suggestions are offered for improving and developing domestic messaging platforms:
• Establish Educational Platforms: Hold workshops and training courses to enhance users' media literacy.
• Enhance Security: Implement advanced security systems to protect user information and privacy.
• Improve User Experience: Provide regular updates and enhance the technical features of the platform to boost user satisfaction.
• Strengthen Social Networking: Create appropriate platforms for social and group interactions within the messaging app.
Conclusion
This research demonstrates that designing and developing efficient domestic messaging platforms requires simultaneous attention to security, user experience, technical support, and user education. Media literacy is recognized as a significant factor in improving the efficiency and safety of messaging platforms, and focusing on it can positively influence user acceptance and engagement. By implementing the suggested recommendations, the development of reliable and efficient domestic messengers can be anticipated, which not only meets users' communication needs but also helps improve media literacy and intelligent use of digital media.
Mohamad Hosein Ansari Jafari; mohammadreza rasooli; Nastaran Khajeh Noori
Abstract
Today, adolescents exist in a complex global society, encompassing both its positive and negative aspects, as well as their real-world society. This dual existence is largely attributable to their extensive and prolonged use of media, particularly cyber space and social media platforms. The most significant ...
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Today, adolescents exist in a complex global society, encompassing both its positive and negative aspects, as well as their real-world society. This dual existence is largely attributable to their extensive and prolonged use of media, particularly cyber space and social media platforms. The most significant challenge posed by this situation pertains to the threat of conflicting values and culture. It may initially appear that this challenge, which is both global and ubiquitous, can be addressed through media literacy. The efficacy of media literacy in building resistance against the threats posed by media messages and the necessity to further strengthen or enhance it are crucial considerations. This study aimed to explore the correlation between critical thinking skills and religious commitment with media literacy in a sample of 205 final year high school students. The findings indicated that, based on the multiple regression model, there is a significant correlation between the research variables with a significance level above 0.05 and the adjusted coefficient of determination (0.58) also reveals that the data fits well and the research hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, to enhance the effectiveness of media literacy, critical thinking and the cognitive and value systems can be used as valid approaches. Furthermore, the relationships between the variables in relation to the research's theoretical framework reveal that critical thinking holds a procedural nature, religious commitment possesses a value-based and criterion-based nature, while media literacy embodies a structural nature.Introduction For a considerable period, media literacy has been the primary means of empowering audiences to counteract the threats posed by media messages. Media messages persistently influence every audience in myriad aspects, even affecting their reasoning and logical system by creating both overt and covert connections between data and messages. In contrast, the primary protective response of the audience is automatic data processing. Automatic and involuntary processing acts as the first line of defense against the overwhelming flood of data and information. Consequently, the question arises: is this automatic reaction sufficient?Enhancing the audience's intellectual capacity and their ability to generate meaning in pursuit of truth is achieved through media literacy. This objective is realized through the critical thinking skills and the audience's cognitive system, which encompasses a valid, standard, and valuable set of principles. These two crucial elements form the "face" and "substance" of a person's cognitive structure within the "audience empowerment platform." Both of the aforementioned elements possess an independent nature and are outside the scope of media literacy. In fact, media literacy serves as a structured and flexible framework aimed at standardizing critical thinking skills and methods for evaluating messages with the goal of discovering truth and defense against threats. It also functions as a set of standards and underscores three primary requirements: information diversity, value system, and message analysis system as its fundamental components. These requirements respectively pertain to the enhancement of cognitive domains, the development and reinforcement of a valid value system for the audience, and the skill of message analysis (Masterman, 1980: 21). In essence, these requirements provide the foundation for a secure encounter between the audience and media, in the face of the dense volume of information and threats posed by media. The question arises: what relationship exists between media literacy and the aforementioned two elements, namely critical thinking and the valid criteria of the audience, and how should this relationship be analyzed and interpreted?The central inquiry of this study concerns the relationship between critical thinking and religious commitment with media literacy. Consequently, the subsequent hypotheses were examined:There exists a significant correlation between the level of critical thinking and religious commitment with the level of media literacy.There is a significant relationship between the level of critical thinking and the level of religious commitment.There is a significant correlation between the subscales of critical thinking, religious commitment, and media literacy.MethodologyIn this study, a survey methodology was employed with an explanatory approach and a correlational statistical method. The dependent variable in this research is media literacy, while critical thinking and religious commitment serve as the independent variables. For this study, three quantitative tests were conducted using the scoring method based on the Likert scale:1- Worthington's religious commitment test comprising 10 items with a total score of 50; it has two subscales: intrapersonal commitment and interpersonal commitment.2- Ricketts' critical thinking test with 33 items and a total score of 165, containing three subscales: creativity, maturity, and commitment.3- A media literacy test encompassing 22 items and a total score of 110, spanning five subscales: understanding, awareness, selection, criticalThe research tests were administered to 203 final-year high school students in the fourth educational region of Tehran. To facilitate comparison of the test results, scores were normalized as a percentage. The obtained scores were subsequently evaluated to analyze the subjects' performance. The internal validity of the researcher-developed questionnaire was determined by soliciting the opinions of 35 professors from across the country, utilizing the Lawshe model. This evaluation led to the confirmation of 22 items, demonstrating an overall reliability ratio of 0.36. The reliability of the research questionnaires was assessed through the calculation of Cronbach's alpha using SPSS software. The resulting Cronbach's alpha for media literacy, critical thinking, and religious commitment were 0.88, 0.85, and 0.94 respectively, indicating satisfactory reliability across all three variables in this study.DiscussionIn line with the cognitive theory of media literacy, audience intelligence and their ability to control optimally hinge entirely on cognitive growth and development in various domains. These domains encompass a hierarchical progression, from the lowest to the highest level. The standards, requirements, and key principles of media literacy function as a structured, standardized system to guide practical patterns of analysis and reasoning. Subsequently, while critical thinking is widely regarded as an established scientific discipline in its own right, it can be effectively integrated within the framework of media literacy's structure, prerequisites, and standards. This integration serves to enhance the recognition and promotion of the effectiveness of media literacy. Alternatively, the social theory of media literacy holds that media literacy cannot exist independently and detached from the social and institutional structures of the society in which it functions. Hence, beyond media literacy and critical thinking, it is imperative to give due consideration to possessing a cognitive system rich in "reference values and criteria". Such a system should align with the social structure of the audience and uphold the principle of "shared meaning-making" in media literacy.ConclusionsThe outcome of the hypothesis test in this research reveals that critical thinking bears a stronger association with media literacy compared to religious commitment. This finding emphasizes the importance of applying the principles and rules of critical thinking skills to augment the effectiveness of media literacy. Additionally, the values accepted by the audience exhibit a direct and relatively strong relationship with media literacy, regardless of the general and partial divergences among them. It is likely that the relatively weaker relationship observed between religious commitment and media literacy, in contrast to the association with critical thinking, reflects the absence of a robust and inherent value system within the structure of media literacy. This absence may impede the reliance on a standard value system for the study and analysis of media literacy.Each subscale of religious commitment, along with the total score, displayed a direct correlation with media literacy in this study. The degree of correlation exhibited between the subscales of religious commitment (intrapersonal commitment and interpersonal commitment) and media literacy indicated that the weakest intensity of the relationship revolved around the subscale linked to awareness. Consequently, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the specified subscales and the subscale of awareness of hidden objectives in media literacy equates to 0.11 and 0.07, respectively, which corresponds to weak and insignificant correlations. Moreover, the findings of the tests reveal that the weak relationships of these subscales are associated to aspects that rely on active and volition-based training. These concerns pertain to cognitive domains and awareness that is contingent upon the learning process. Aspects such as possessing knowledge of principles, familiarization with methods, rules, and standard doctrines, might not appear plausible without systematic training and instruction, as acquiring knowledge and expertise spontaneously seems implausible.
Razieh farshid; faezehsadat bahrololoumi tabatabai; nosrat riahinia
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the concepts of media literacy and computer literacy based on the works indexed in the Web of Science .The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of methodology with a scientometric approach in which network analysis techniques ...
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The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the concepts of media literacy and computer literacy based on the works indexed in the Web of Science .The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of methodology with a scientometric approach in which network analysis techniques have been used. The research community of scientific products is related to the subject of media literacy and computer literacy.Findings indicate that 1736 works have been indexed in the field of media literacy and 772 works in the field of computer literacy. Fedro in the field of media literacy and Grasser AC have the most products in the field of computer literacy. Among the countries, the United States is in the first place in two areas, among which Iran with 11 works is in the position of 31 computer literacy and with 8 works is in the position of 19 media literacy. The co-occurence of media literacy works was 9 clusters and computer literacy works were 6 clusters. There are 327 common keywords in the thematic clusters of these two domains. Also, paying attention to the field of media literacy and computer literacy as one of the components of society can play an important role in the growth and promotion of individuals. In the analysis and results of the present study, suggestions were made for managers and politicians to better clarify the issues in this area and to invest better in its development.
SEYYEDEH FAHIMEH PARSAIYAN
Abstract
Social Networking Sites are playing a significant role in advertising. Besides the conventional commercial ads, a new type of advertising, called “channel ads” or “link exchange” is growing in Telegram and Eitaa messengers. Deploying a variety of persuasion techniques, these ads ...
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Social Networking Sites are playing a significant role in advertising. Besides the conventional commercial ads, a new type of advertising, called “channel ads” or “link exchange” is growing in Telegram and Eitaa messengers. Deploying a variety of persuasion techniques, these ads aim at persuading users to clink on the hyperlink and join the advertised channels. Given the novelty of the issue, the present study aimed at identifying the persuasion techniques deployed in “channel advertising”. The corpus consisted of 100 advertising posts in five popular Telegram and Eitaa channels. Content analysis of the posts revealed a variety of persuasion techniques including “Narratives”, “Promised land”, “Anchors’, “Attracting Titles”, “+18”, “Scarcity”, “ Fear Appeal”, and “ Special Target Group”. The findings of the study reveal that channel advertisers, like commercial advertisers, use or misuse target groups' needs, wants, desires as well as religious beliefs and values. The complexity of the virtual world definitely demands heightened attention to cultivating media literacy.
somayeh rastegari; abdolreza navah; aziz hazbavi
Abstract
The media literacy is considered as requirement in technology ear to train active and awarded citizens. The critical capability of media, skills to make programs and fair access to media and ability to control media usage are dependent on media literacy. A number of benefits of the media literacy can ...
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The media literacy is considered as requirement in technology ear to train active and awarded citizens. The critical capability of media, skills to make programs and fair access to media and ability to control media usage are dependent on media literacy. A number of benefits of the media literacy can be mentioned such as helping to awareness and understanding of the citizens of receiving massages from the media, having a critical approach to mentioned massages, wanting a right from the media atmosphere and having a share from the media atmosphere in accordance with the acceptance or the lack of acceptance. The goal of current research is to investigate sociological consequences of media literacy on awareness of citizenship rights and democracity among Ahvaz people were more than 18years. The research conducted as applied through descriptive-analytic research. It was a survey and used researcher-made questionnaire. The population of those were more than 18 years included 780728 citizens, after that 392 participant selected by Cochran formula. The results revealed that level of media literacy in Ahvaz was average. There was direct and significant relationship between media literacy-independent variable-, awareness of citizenship rights and democracity-dependent variables-. In fact improving media literacy cause to improve dependent variables.
Seyyed Emad Hosseini; Seyyed Emad Hosseini; marzieh piravi vanak; sanaa shayan
Abstract
Many scholars believed that the current cinema studies has reduced to a simplistic cultural critique. But at now we have a great legacy of the works in the cultural and cinematic studies outside of the western main tendency , without have attracted any necessary and appropriateattention towards their ...
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Many scholars believed that the current cinema studies has reduced to a simplistic cultural critique. But at now we have a great legacy of the works in the cultural and cinematic studies outside of the western main tendency , without have attracted any necessary and appropriateattention towards their nature and identity. This unfair neglecting mentioned above reminded to us the necessity for renewed focus and attention thecurrent cinematic resistance flows against the western mainstream. In the recent years, the de-westernizing of film studies approach as a novel method for standing towards the western cinematic hegemony, have taken into consideration from many of the world cinematic theorists and thinkers. The De-westernizing approach nowise means the complete denial, negation and rejection of the western cinematic`s forms, genres, products, thought, critics or even the ideological aspects of them, but simultaneously with respecting and regards to the values of the classic cinema studies(of the west), warns to the need of moving beyond the west mainstream and refused from the prevalent and common dichotomy of West/Other This article that is based on analytical-descriptive method and was conducted by using of library resources, seeking to illustrated how the de-westernizing approach as a new and novel method defined its targeting and purpose as the decentralization from the west, and not excommunication of the west or relocation of the central signifiers and the focuses.
jafar bahadorikhosroshahi; isa bargi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to the role of Media literacy for parents and social identity with media consumption students. The study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical community of the present study teenagers ranging 18 - 11 years studying inschools in the city of Ilkhechi (Tabriz) in the ...
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The aim of this study was to the role of Media literacy for parents and social identity with media consumption students. The study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical community of the present study teenagers ranging 18 - 11 years studying inschools in the city of Ilkhechi (Tabriz) in the academic year 2015-2016 and their parents ofsociety, the number of 123 people cluster random sampling method bailout between schools in the city of Ilkhechi have been chosen and investigated. To collect the data, and media consumption, media literacy and social identity were parents. Data analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis was performed. The results showed that parents' media literacy social media consumption in adolescents is a significant positive relationship. Multiple regression analysis also showed that access to and use of the media, the ability to analyze and evaluate, individual and social identity, critical thinking, media and communication with media messages are able to predict the consumption of media, TV, radio, press, the Internet and mobile phones. According to media literacy and social identity so parents can have an important role in media consumption among adolescents.
Arian Taheri; Saied Bashir Hosseini
Abstract
In this article we suggest three theoretical realms to media literacy studies based on the three dimensional concept of media in Klaus Bruhn Jensen’s definition. After that, we develop the concept of computer games literacy corresponding to the three realms of media literacy. In Jensen’s ...
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In this article we suggest three theoretical realms to media literacy studies based on the three dimensional concept of media in Klaus Bruhn Jensen’s definition. After that, we develop the concept of computer games literacy corresponding to the three realms of media literacy. In Jensen’s definition, concept of “media” understand in three distinct levels: The first level is related to material and technological sense of media; second level is related to close examination on communicating potentials of media; and finally third level is related to social and institutional sense of media. Media literacy in framework of these three levels of media concept, gain distinct realms of detailed ideas for different kind of researches and studies. As a result, we suggest that “computer games literacy” has triple realms corresponding to three theoretical realms of “media literacy”. According to this receipt, we evaluate "Amnesty the Game" in the second part of the article from the perspective of triple realms of “computer games literacy”. Case Study of "Amnesty the Game" showed, how discursive means of the text reproduced in synergistic form in all of the three levels of media concept. This game practiced to expand the knowledge generated by user interaction with the virtual world of the text to the real and historical world through utilizing communicative strategies as: establishing somehow interactive communication with user; linking the virtual identity of the user in the world of the game with his virtual identity on Facebook as a social network.
Alireza Hoseyni Pakdehi; Hosnieh Al-sadat Shobeyri
Abstract
In different countries, media literacy education methods and success rates differ. For example, Canada, with its profound history in media literacy education, is the most successful country in the world, but despite widespread importance of media in Iran, media literacy education in this country is relatively ...
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In different countries, media literacy education methods and success rates differ. For example, Canada, with its profound history in media literacy education, is the most successful country in the world, but despite widespread importance of media in Iran, media literacy education in this country is relatively new.The present study compared performance of a model country in teaching media literacy (Canada) with a country new on this way (Iran). Therefore, the performance of Canadian Media Awareness Network that provides media literacy education via “Media Smarts Website” and Iranian “Media Literacy Website”, the only Persian website providing media literacy education, were compared using “content analysis" method. The main results are as follows: majority of the contents in Iranian Website were "informative" and "alarming", but most of the contacts in Canadian Website had features of a real “educational sources. Canadian Website developed educational contents using the theories proposed by media literacy experts; While Iranian website has not used these valuable sources.
Mehdi Montazerghaem; Mona Sha’ban Kasegar
Abstract
The present study is a research on the capabilities of women in the cyberspace. Regardless of the limitations of the real world, cyberspace can empower women participation and individual capabilities. If woman have the necessary skills and motivations, they can use the internet and content production ...
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The present study is a research on the capabilities of women in the cyberspace. Regardless of the limitations of the real world, cyberspace can empower women participation and individual capabilities. If woman have the necessary skills and motivations, they can use the internet and content production to their benefit. They can also make their voice heard and change the society’s stereotypes and images about them. However, there are requirements to achieve such goals. This study aims to find those requirements and investigate their impacts on the empowerment of women in the cyberspace. A questionnaire was prepared and given to the women active in the cyberspace. Data gathered through 429 completed questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS. The results show that different variables including purposeful activities, knowing other active women, level of activity and media literacy can improve women's capabilities in the cyberspace.
