New Media Studies - Articles List

مطالعه شیوه های ارتباط هواداران زن با سوییت هوم بلاگرهای اینستاگرام

somayeh shalchi; fatemeh norozi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.79338.1694

Abstract

Virtual networks have become an integral part of human life, especially in the last decade. Thanks to the availability of smartphones at varying prices, people can now easily access ... Read More Virtual networks have become an integral part of human life, especially in the last decade. Thanks to the availability of smartphones at varying prices, people can now easily access all kinds of virtual networks that were once inaccessible before 2010. Instagram, a powerful social platform, has gained immense popularity among global users, particularly Iranians, as Iran is among the top ten countries in terms of Instagram usage. It is crucial to examine and understand the effects of this virtual network on people in different ways. As technology has made incredible progress in recent years, introducing new tools and features into people's lives every month, social researchers need to keep up-to-date research in this field. This research specifically focuses on Sweet Home bloggers, who are well-known among Iranian users, and their fans on Instagram. The aim is to understand the nature of their relationship. Firstly, we will explore how fans define the relationship between themselves and Sweet Home bloggers and identify the factors that influence their understanding of this relationship. Finally, we will investigate how the content produced by Sweet Home bloggers is perceived and understood by their fans. Qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with 21 active female audiences who consider themselves fans of one of the five Sweet Home bloggers on Instagram, were used in this research. Through thematic analysis of the data obtained, we identified five main themes. The first theme focused on the level of awareness and understanding of the content on Sweet Home's pages. We found that there was sometimes a deep mistrust towards the content produced by the blogger. The second theme explored how the audience perceives themselves and the blogger with Sweet Home. We found that one group of fans completely identified themselves with the blogger, while another group did not relate to similar bloggers. In this study, we explore several themes related to blogging on Instagram. Firstly, we analyze how fans influence the content creation process of bloggers and how they have the power to direct the path of bloggers' home pages. Secondly, we examine the importance and impact of high-quality and colorful photos posted by bloggers, which can be a factor in retaining audience attention. Thirdly, we investigate the spread of pop culture specific to Instagram by Sweet Home bloggers, which creates a sense of belonging for their audience. Throughout the study, we found that the current audience is very selective about the type of content they consume, and they have a two-way relationship with bloggers. They not only consume content but also demand and influence the type of content produced. We aimed to understand this unique relationship that has emerged from the virtual world of Instagram and to gain insights into the fans' perspectives. Keywords: Instagram, sweet home blogger, daily blogger, blogger-follower relationship, social networks, Persian Instagram Virtual networks have become an integral part of human life, especially in the last decade. Thanks to the availability of smartphones at varying prices, people can now easily access all kinds of virtual networks that were once inaccessible before 2010. Instagram, a powerful social platform, has gained immense popularity among global users, particularly Iranians, as Iran is among the top ten countries in terms of Instagram usage. It is crucial to examine and understand the effects of this virtual network on people in different ways. As technology has made incredible progress in recent years, introducing new tools and features into people's lives every month, social researchers need to keep up-to-date research in this field. This research specifically focuses on Sweet Home bloggers, who are well-known among Iranian users, and their fans on Instagram. The aim is to understand the nature of their relationship. Firstly, we will explore how fans define the relationship between themselves and Sweet Home bloggers and identify the factors that influence their understanding of this relationship. Finally, we will investigate how the content produced by Sweet Home bloggers is perceived and understood by their fans. Qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with 21 active female audiences who consider themselves fans of one of the five Sweet Home bloggers on Instagram, were used in this research. Through thematic analysis of the data obtained, we identified five main themes. The first theme focused on the level of awareness and understanding of the content on Sweet Home's pages. We found that there was sometimes a deep mistrust towards the content produced by the blogger. The second theme explored how the audience perceives themselves and the blogger with Sweet Home. We found that one group of fans completely identified themselves with the blogger, while another group did not relate to similar bloggers. In this study, we explore several themes related to blogging on Instagram. Firstly, we analyze how fans influence the content creation process of bloggers and how they have the power to direct the path of bloggers' home pages. Secondly, we examine the importance and impact of high-quality and colorful photos posted by bloggers, which can be a factor in retaining audience attention. Thirdly, we investigate the spread of pop culture specific to Instagram by Sweet Home bloggers, which creates a sense of belonging for their audience. Throughout the study, we found that the current audience is very selective about the type of content they consume, and they have a two-way relationship with bloggers. They not only consume content but also demand and influence the type of content produced. We aimed to understand this unique relationship that has emerged from the virtual world of Instagram and to gain insights into the fans' perspectives.

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Relevant factors in video content virality in social networks from the experts' point of view: the case study of the Iranian Platform Rubika

Mohammad Khezri Moghaddam; Ali Asghar Kia; Mohsen Masoudian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 July 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.80131.1715

Abstract

With the advancement of technology and the expansion of the use of the Internet, social networks have become one of the most important means of communication and information exchange ... Read More With the advancement of technology and the expansion of the use of the Internet, social networks have become one of the most important means of communication and information exchange in the modern world. These platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube as global networks and Rubika, Eita and Aparat as Iranian networks, have a special place in daily life and have become a place to communicate with others, share experiences and publish various contents. This research identifies the factors that are effective in the viral spread of content in social networks. Factors such as content value, algorithm intelligence, interaction and user preferences play an important role in this process. In the fifth chapter, a special emphasis has been placed on the irreplaceable role of algorithms and quality content as the source of any viral content. Content production does not necessarily have to be expensive; Rather, it is enough that it is liked by users so that the algorithms try to increase the consumption of users in order to make it viral.In the end, the process of content becoming viral is likened to the flight of a bird, one wing of which is quality content and the other wing is the power of the algorithm. The conditions of the society are also like the weather conditions that can affect the flight. By conducting in-depth interviews with 12 experts and using external and internal sources, this research has investigated and provided solutions for producers and users of social networks.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Digital Mystical Path: Rereading the Concept of Solitude and Annihilation in the Age of Social Media

Firooz Fazeli; Roxana Shamsaei

Volume 11, Issue 42 , December 2025, , Pages 59-27

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.89384.1927

Abstract

The advent and proliferation of social media have fundamentally transformed the traditional manifestations of Khalwa (inner spiritual seclusion) and Fanāʾ (annihilation ... Read More The advent and proliferation of social media have fundamentally transformed the traditional manifestations of Khalwa (inner spiritual seclusion) and Fanāʾ (annihilation in the Divine), which are rooted in mystical wayfaring and human spiritual experience. This study employs an interpretive-analytical approach, grounded in the principles of Islamic mysticism and the philosophy of technology, to examine the relationship between digital presence and the inner spiritual solitude (Khalwa) of contemporary humans, thereby seeking to facilitate the reclamation of Sulūk (mystical wayfaring) within the networked context. The research methodology is based on a conceptual-comparative analysis of mystical texts and contemporary communication discourses. The findings reveal that within digital existence, Khalwa has been transformed from physical isolation into a state of "data solitude," while Fanāʾ has been redefined from mystical unity into "annihilation in connectivity". This transformation is such that the individual, when confronted with the incessant flow of information, undergoes a form of data-centric asceticism and communicative self-restraint. The foregoing analysis leads to the conclusion that digital Sulūk can be interpreted as a paradigm for redefining spirituality in the network age—a paradigm that transposes the ethical heritage of Khalwa and Fanāʾ from the mystical tradition into the context of a globally connected existence, thereby unveiling new horizons for media literacy and the spiritual life of modern humanity.Extended Abstract:IntroductionWithin the Islamic mystical tradition, concepts such as Khalwa (inner spiritual seclusion) and fanāʾ (annihilation in the Divine) have perpetually been regarded as foundational pillars of mystical wayfaring (Sulūk) and the path to spiritual transcendence. In its conventional Sufi interpretation, Khalwa denotes a state wherein the Salik (spiritual wayfarer), by distancing themselves from worldly manifestations and social clamor, attains the capacity for complete concentration upon the Absolute Truth. Fanāʾ'i Eshkevari (1390 SH/2011 CE, p. 50) characterizes this state not as mere isolation, but rather as a deliberate and purposeful process for reorienting the heart and mind; a process that commences with the purification of the self (tazkiyat al-nafs) and culminates in the unveiling of spiritual intuition (kashf-e shahood). Zafarnavaei (1389 SH/2010 CE, p. 108) similarly identifies Khalwa as the very essence of the mystical path. He contends that the moral constitution of the wayfarer is contingent upon the art of spiritual seclusion and the practice of severing attachments, thereby creating the necessary conditions for Fanāʾ, which signifies the complete effacement of the self in the will and presence of the Divine, can be understood from this definition as the ultimate aim of mystical seclusion. The objective of this seclusion is to withdraw from creation in order to direct one's heart and soul wholly towards the Divine Presence and to commune with Him, thereby attaining the station of proximity. Thus, withdrawing from creation is, in essence, drawing near to the Truth.These concepts have secured an established position throughout the history of Islamic civilization, not merely within mystical literature, but also in the very structure of the daily lives of the people of the Tariqa (mystical path). Indeed, practices such as meditation (Muraqabah), remembrance (Dhikr), spiritual asceticism (Riyadat), and the preservation of sacred boundaries constituted integral components of the daily existence of Sufis and mystics. Mousavi and Alasti (1395 SH/2016 CE, p. 3) analyze that the digital sphere, by enabling perpetual presence and uninterrupted connectivity, has fundamentally transformed the traditional paradigm of Khalwa, steering the human being from an inward-oriented mode of being toward a state of "perpetual self-performance." What which was once constituted an inner silence and a focus on the negation of the self has now, within the algorithmic architecture of networks, been transmuted into continuous presence and the re-presentation of the self before the gaze of a global audience.Movahedi-Asl and Dirbaz (1398 SH/2019 CE, p. 7) interpret this transformation as indicative of a profound shift in the "understanding of presence". In their analysis, contemporary humanity is defined by a form of "presence within the gaze of others"—a presence that, rather than being oriented towards divine proximity, has been transmuted into a state of being seen and receiving social validation based on data-driven interactions. This situation has fundamentally compromised the possibility of Khalwa, while simultaneously transmuting the meaning of Fanāʾ from its traditional conception of "annihilation in God" (fanāʾ fi'llah) to a contemporary state of "annihilation within the data stream."The present study seeks to demonstrate how technological tools can be utilized not merely for communication or content production, but to facilitate spiritual experiences—experiences that transform data solitude and algorithmic annihilation into opportunities for self-cultivation, introspection, and connection with Truth.Research QuestionsThe present study grapples with a fundamental inquiry: Can a novel form of spirituality emerge from within network culture—one in which Khalwa and Fanāʾ are harnessed to enhance digital ethics? Furthermore, can digital Sulūk forge a connection between the mystical tradition and data-driven existence, thereby enabling the technology-saturated human to navigate a path toward transcendence and self-awareness?Research MethodThis study adopts a qualitative and theoretical research design, grounded in an interpretive-analytical approach. The objective of this methodology is not the collection of empirical data, but rather the excavation of meaning, the interpretation of latent conceptual layers, and the reconstruction of the nexus between traditional mysticism and digital existence. In employing hermeneutic analysis, the researcher strives to comprehend texts and phenomena through their own internal logic; meaning that each text and every experience is interpreted within its specific horizon of significance, rather than being forced into the mold of external presuppositions or quantitative metrics.The analysis proceeds through three methodical layers: At the primary layer, a hermeneutic re-reading of mystical texts was conducted to extract their existential meanings. At the secondary layer, these meanings were contextualized within the framework of digital experience to illuminate the technological dimensions of presence. Finally, at the tertiary layer, the convergence of insights from both domains facilitated the formulation of novel concepts—such as "data-driven solitude" and "annihilation within data"—which collectively constitute the theoretical framework of "digital Sulūk".ResultsA comparison of this study's findings with the traditional literature of Islamic mysticism reveals that concepts such as Khalwa and Fanāʾ in classical texts were fundamentally understood within the context of personal spiritual wayfaring and metaphysical experience—Khalwa as a disengagement from worldly preoccupations and Fanāʾ as dissolution into Divine reality (Zafarnavaei, 1389 SH/2010 CE, p. 2; Fanāʾ'i Eshkevari, 1390 SH/2011 CE, p. 96). In contrast, within modern philosophy of technology literature, these concepts have been redefined through their interaction with technological contexts. "Data-driven solitude" and "algorithmic Fanāʾ" represent this shift, which, in Borgmann's (1984, p. 42) analysis, is attributed to adherence to the "device paradigm," and in Verbeek's (2011, p. 68) view, is ascribed to the mediating structures of technology. An examination of the ethical and spiritual ramifications of this transformation reveals that digital spirituality can create opportunities for the cultivation of self-awareness and transcendent presence, provided that the use of platforms is coupled with intentionality, the restriction of superfluous information, and the deliberate governance of algorithms (Khaniki & Khojir, 1398 SH/2019 CE, p. 9).A probe into the communicative-mystical implications of this transformation reveals that since "data-driven solitude" constitutes a digital facsimile of the intimate secret of spiritual seclusion—a secret now involuntarily surrendered to the data market—the sanctity of the "inner mystery" is effaced within the digital realm. Consequently, contemporary mysticism has witnessed a redefinition of Khalwa: while external solitude may persist, our inner being is laid bare on platform servers. Furthermore, a fundamental tension arises between the traditional practices of "self-vigilance and spiritual accounting" (muraqabah and muhasabah) and the reality of the "uncontrolled digital footprint." This data-driven solitude creates a mechanism for the surveillance and potential guidance of the spiritual wayfarer. Ultimately, this trajectory risks leading the individual toward "data-driven annihilation" (Fanāʾ)—an involuntary and unconscious dissolution of human identity into the power of the technocratic system, wherein personal agency is substantially weakened, and the individual increasingly conforms to the identity prescribed by data flows.An analysis of digital spirituality's strengths reveals its significant potential for expanding access to spiritual teachings, fostering supportive communities, and facilitating the exchange of mystical experiences within digital environments (Verbeek, 2011, p. 70). Furthermore, technology can serve an educational and inspirational role, enabling shared spiritual presence across disparate geographical contexts. However, its weaknesses are equally noteworthy; these include the risk of experiential superficiality, the diminishment of contemplative depth, and the reduction of spirituality to a form of consumable, instantaneous content that is perpetually represented and forgotten within algorithmic cycles (Borgmann, 1984, p. 43). These shortcomings further illuminate the necessity of developing a paradigm for digital wayfaring (sulūk), structured around three core components: data-informed solitude, transcendent presence, and algorithmic fanāʾ. Such a model aims to preserve spiritual efficacy while preempting the inherent vulnerabilities of networked existence.ConclusionThe analysis of results revealed that the paradigm of digital Sulūk consists of three interconnected components: first, data-informed solitude—a form of algorithmic silence or deliberate restraint from aimless information sharing, which prevents uncreative immersion in data; second, transcendent presence—a redefinition of human presence in the online environment as a responsible and qualitative mode of being; and third, algorithmic Fanāʾ—not a dissolution into the network, but a conscious experience of the boundary between human and technology, enabling the reflective and ethical management of dependency on constant connectivity (Khaniki & Khojir, 1398 SH/2019 CE, p. 9). Together, these components form a system for organizing human existence in the digital sphere at the psychological, ethical, and social levels, and—when coupled with media literacy education—can significantly enhance spiritual life in the virtual world.Empirical results, particularly those based on the analysis by Mousavi and Alasti (1395 SH/2016 CE, p. 8), demonstrate that sustained presence without solitude fosters internet addiction, cognitive fragmentation, and identity dissonance. Consequently, data-informed solitude within digital wayfaring serves a therapeutic function, enabling the reconstruction of identity in a world saturated with representations. Conversely, transcendent presence in networked environments can be interpreted as an ethical response to the digital sphere of consumerism, potentially expanding the foundation of user accountability (Borgmann, 1984, p. 45; Fanāʾ'i Eshkevari, 1390 SH/2011 CE, p. 7).

The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Students’ Academic Performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

bilal mohammad; Aliasghar Kia; Hadi Khaniki

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, , Pages 30-1

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.80612.1729

Abstract

Virtual social networks have emerged as a significant factor influencing students’ academic performance, fostering deep interactions among students, professors, and peers. As ... Read More Virtual social networks have emerged as a significant factor influencing students’ academic performance, fostering deep interactions among students, professors, and peers. As one of the most prominent global communication tools, these platforms play a vital role in education. This study examines the effects of virtual social networks on students’ academic performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, focusing on their role in facilitating collaboration, information exchange, and learning engagement. This research adopts an applied (practical) objective and a descriptive-correlational design, utilizing a survey method for data collection. The study population includes undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral students across universities in the Kurdistan Region. Using Cochran’s sample size formula, a representative sample of 384 participants was selected. Data was gathered through a researcher-developed questionnaire comprising 83 questions, validated via content (face) validity and tested for reliability through a pilot study (pre-test). The findings aim to provide insights into how virtual social networks contribute to—or hinder—academic success, offering recommendations for educators and policymakers in the region. The data collected through the researcher-developed questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient confirming the reliability of the instrument. The sample was selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method to ensure representativeness. The results revealed that several variables significantly influence students' academic performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: frequency of social network use; media addiction; marital status; media content consumption; and socioeconomic background. Notably, media addiction exhibited the strongest impact, with a regression coefficient of 0.299, indicating its substantial role in shaping academic outcomes. Conversely, religion had the weakest association, showing a regression coefficient of 0.030, suggesting minimal direct influence on academic performance in this context. Extended Abstract:IntroductionIn an era when modern higher education benefits from blended learning and uses many facilities to improve students' academic performance, the use of social networks in higher education cannot be ignored as an important tool for accelerating blended learning. Therefore, we must examine this new phenomenon's impact on teaching and learning to utilize its benefits. Just as scientific development can be mapped through citations in written sources, communication patterns and academic progress in virtual environments can similarly be traced through social networks.Virtual social networks have transformed how researchers access scientific resources, conduct research, exchange findings, and engage in scientific activities. This transformation necessitates evaluating these networks' impact on scholarly behavior. Indeed, modern virtual networks represent one of the key factors influencing students' academic performance today. In our current era, knowledge and technology are inextricably linked - one cannot be easily attained without the other.The divergent perspectives on virtual networks' effects reveal a lack of comprehensive understanding about their functions, with interpretations varying significantly based on individual viewpoints. Opponents typically focus on pathological aspects and cultural resistance in their studies, while proponents emphasize the networks' technological potential and audience-oriented benefits to clarify their nature. Like all media introduced to student communities, virtual networks present both positive and negative functions - neglecting either aspect may harm students. This study therefore examines virtual networks' impact on academic performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.Materials and MethodsThis applied quantitative study employed a survey methodology. The target population comprised 9,600 undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. Using Cochran's formula, a representative sample of 384 participants was determined. Given the population size and distribution, data were collected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire containing variables measured at nominal, ordinal, and interval levels. Reliability was confirmed through a pilot test, with all variables achieving Cronbach's alpha coefficients above 0.70. Content validity was established through expert review. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software.FindingsGiven the nominal nature of gender and marital status variables, the Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient was employed to examine their relationship with academic performance, while Pearson’s r tested ordinal and interval-level variables. The analysis revealed significant correlations between academic performance and media addiction, trust in media, relationship quality, media content type, socioeconomic status, age, and marital status (p <.05). However, no significant relationships were found between academic performance and internet connectivity status, social network usage frequency, gender, ethnicity, or religion among students in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.The final regression model (algebraic method) for students' academic performance in Iraq's Kurdistan Region incorporated these independent variables: social network usage frequency, media addiction, media trust, academic media content, entertainment media content, and contextual variables (gender, age, marital status, ethnicity, religion type, and socioeconomic status). Interpretation of coefficients relied on standardized beta values (β), which quantify each predictor's relative contribution to academic performance while controlling for other variables in the model. The beta coefficients enable direct comparison of effect sizes across all predictors, revealing their differential impacts on the dependent variable.The standardized beta coefficients enable comparison of each variable's relative contribution, revealing that social network usage frequency, media addiction, marital status, media content consumption, and socioeconomic status significantly impact academic performance (p < 0.05), thereby confirming their hypothesized relationships. Notably, media addiction demonstrated the strongest effect (β = 0.299), while religion showed the weakest association (β = 0.030) with student performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.Discussion and ConclusionThe analysis revealed non-significant differences in academic performance across gender, age, ethnicity, religion, and media trust variables (p > 0.05). However, significant relationships emerged with social network usage frequency, media addiction, media trust, marital status, media content consumption, and socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). Most notably, media addiction demonstrated a substantial negative impact (β = -0.299), indicating that excessive engagement with virtual social networks reduces study time and correlates with academic performance decline among students in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.The study revealed distinct patterns in students' trust toward different media content types, with the highest trust levels observed for: (1) scientific, (2) medical, (3) economic, (4) sports, (5) social, and (6) political content. Importantly, despite potential drawbacks, virtual social networks demonstrate significant educational utility when used appropriately. These platforms enable instructors to share course materials through dedicated channels, allowing students 24/7 access to learning resources. Furthermore, they facilitate efficient assignment submission, eliminating printing costs and reducing turnaround times while maintaining academic quality in Iraq's Kurdistan Region.Based on research findings, several solutions can address the threats posed by social networks. One major threat is excessive time spent online, which reduces study time and leads to academic failure. Effective countermeasures include:Teaching students time management skillsImplementing proper regulations for scientific use of social networksDeveloping educational programs about cyberspace's role and proper usageOrganizing workshops conducted by psychologists and cyberspace expertsThese measures can help students use social networks more appropriately while benefiting from their educational potential.

The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Social Movements; Study of Iranian Protest Movements (2009-2019)

Bahman Rabeie nia; Hussein  Harsij

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, , Pages 286-243

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.67717.1387

Abstract

The widespread use of virtual social networks has brought substantial changes in lifestyle, habits, and social relationships, and the dynamics of communication between people and governments. ... Read More The widespread use of virtual social networks has brought substantial changes in lifestyle, habits, and social relationships, and the dynamics of communication between people and governments. Social movements, as a way to bring forth demands and communicate between people and governments, are significantly influenced by these shifts. This study investigates the mobilization of social networks in social movements in Iran between 2009 and 2019. Over the last two decades, we've witnessed a new face of social movements on a global scale, with the mobilization function of social networks playing a pivotal role in these developments. This study employs a descriptive-analytic approach and relies on library sources, documents, and secondary data for information gathering. The findings underscore the pivotal role of social networks in facilitating the mobilization of resources for social movements, with a significant and central impact. The examination of major incidents within the mentioned time period reveals that, regardless of the factors underpinning social movements, their success hinges on access to appropriate social networks. A lack of such contact leads to limitations on the ability to mobilize supporters and, over time, causes these movements to deteriorate and weaken. Extended Abstract: Introduction The extensive utilization of virtual social networks has introduced significant transformations in lifestyle, social habits, and the dynamics of communication between people and authorities. As a channel for conveying demands and facilitating interactions, social movements have seen profound impacts due to these changes. Over the last two decades, the way that the mobilization functions of social networks have been used has shown a new facet of social movements around the world. This work scrutinizes the impact of virtual social networks on social movements in Iran during the period from 2009 to 2019. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, leveraging sources from libraries, documents, and secondary data for data collection. The findings of this investigation highlight the central and substantial role of social networks in facilitating resource mobilization for social movements during the indicated time period. The examination of major events during the stated timeframe reveals that, irrespective of the foundational factors behind social movements, the management or restriction of access to social networks severely hampers the ability to mobilize supporters, leading to the subsequent erosion and weakening of these movements as time passes. Materials and Methods This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on resources from the library, archives, and secondary data sources. The study concentrates on three significant protest movements in Iran encompassing the period from 2009 to 2019, namely the protests following the 2009 elections, the 2017 December protests, and the 2019 November protests. The research examines the role of social networks in mobilizing and organizing these movements, focusing on platforms such as Twitter, Telegram, Facebook, and Instagram. In light of the importance of available resources and effective actors, the study also assesses the framework of resource mobilization theory, which emphasizes the pivotal role of resources and competent actors in influencing the success of social movements. Discussion and Results The research reveals that social networks have significantly contributed to mobilizing and organizing social movements in Iran. During the 2009 election protests, platforms like Twitter and Facebook played instrumental roles in disseminating information, organizing protests, and garnering international attention. The Green Movement, as this movement came to be recognized, heavily relied on social media to coordinate activities and share real-time updates, despite attempts by the government to restrict access to these platforms. The December 2017 protests were primarily organized and disseminated through the platform Telegram. Initially ignited by economic grievances, the movement rapidly evolved into larger scale anti-government demonstrations. Telegram's encrypted messaging system enabled participants to exchange information securely, making it difficult for authorities to monitor and suppress the movement. However, the government's decision to block Telegram significantly curtailed the momentum of the protests. The November 2019 protests, triggered by a sudden surge in fuel prices, witnessed Instagram and Twitter playing a more significant part. Initially sparked as economic protests, the situation quickly escalated into violent confrontations with security forces. Social media platforms became a powerful tool for organizing protests, disseminating videos of police brutality, and rallying international support. Despite this, the government's decision to shut down the internet for multiple days acted as a significant hindrance, showcasing the dual role of social media as both a channel for mobilization and a target for government control. Conclusions Our study underscores the crucial role of social networks in mobilizing and organizing movements in Iran. These platforms facilitate communication, information exchange, and coordination across distances, overcoming traditional barriers to collective action. Despite the evident benefits, the government's capacity to control or completely shut down such channels highlights the vulnerabilities and limitations faced by activists, suggesting that social media alone is insufficient to sustain a movement. The findings indicate that social networks can significantly boost the spread of protests, yet their effectiveness hinges on the government's ability to regulate access and manipulate information flow. Further research is needed to explore the long-term consequences of internet shutdowns and other forms of digital repression in Iran and beyond.

Modeling the Competitiveness Factors of Print Media Versus Social Networks for Sustainable Survival

Mohamadjavad Afsharsafavi; Golnar Shojaeibaghini; Mohamadreza Rostami

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, , Pages 351-319

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.64393.1305

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the competitiveness of print media in relation to social networks. The research employs a mixed-methods exploratory approach, categorized ... Read More The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the competitiveness of print media in relation to social networks. The research employs a mixed-methods exploratory approach, categorized as applied in terms of purpose and a combination of qualitative and quantitative strategies in terms of methodology. In the first phase, using the grounded theory method, data were collected to design a competitiveness framework, and key components and indicators were identified. Semi-structured interviews with media experts were conducted to extract the core concepts. The qualitative sample consisted of experts from the Khorasan newspaper in Mashhad, selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. A total of 17 interviews were conducted. In the quantitative phase, a sample of 333 individuals was randomly selected from the 2,500 annual subscribers of the Khorasan newspaper using Cochran’s formula. A questionnaire was developed based on the qualitative findings. Data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with LISREL software. The findings revealed 75 main categories grouped into six dimensions of the paradigm model: causal conditions (20 categories), the core phenomenon (efficient competitiveness for survival, with 7 sub-categories), strategies (13 categories), contextual conditions (12 categories), intervening conditions (11 categories), and consequences (12 categories). The model demonstrated a good fit, with a GOF index of 0.61, indicating acceptable structural validity. Extended Abstract Introduction: Media and social networks have posed many challenges for print media. Audiences' behaviors are shifting as they increasingly turn to the internet for free access to news and information. The proliferation of social networks has significantly altered the media landscape over the past few decades. Today, social networks provide highly engaging and interactive experiences for consumers, offering real-time access to a wide variety of information in a technology-mediated environment—something that was not possible before. Meanwhile, the Khorasan Newspaper, as a longstanding and influential media outlet in Iran, has been facing these challenges. Despite these growing pressures, the Khorasan Newspaper must adopt various strategies to strengthen itself, ensuring it can attract and retain its audience’s attention and continue to survive in the increasingly competitive media environment alongside social networks. By doing so, the Khorasan Newspaper can not only maintain its circulation but also foster growth in an era dominated by digital platforms. This study, therefore, aims to identify and examine the key factors that influence the survival and competitiveness of the Khorasan Newspaper, especially in comparison to social networks. It explores how print media can better compete with digital platforms to sustain itself, improve audience loyalty, and ensure profitability. Thus, the study is designed to develop a competitiveness model for print media in relation to social networks, with the Khorasan Newspaper serving as a case study. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive framework that enables print media to address these challenges effectively. Materials and Methods: This research follows a mixed-methods exploratory methodology, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches with an applied development purpose. In the initial qualitative phase, the grounded theory method was employed to collect data and identify the components and indicators essential for creating a competitiveness framework for print media in relation to social networks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with subject-matter experts to extract core concepts related to the topic. Additionally, text mining and coding techniques were used for data analysis to ensure accuracy and depth in identifying key themes and patterns. After reviewing existing scientific literature and conducting in-depth analytical interviews with experts and scholars from the Khorasan Newspaper, various marketing dimensions and their corresponding indicators were identified. These insights formed the basis for proposing a competitiveness framework between print media and social networks for sustainable survival. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts from the Khorasan Newspaper in Mashhad. A purposive sampling method was used to select experts specializing in media-related fields, and snowball sampling was employed to ensure an adequate sample size. In the preliminary phase, 17 interviews were conducted to gather expert opinions. Additionally, a subset of the statistical population included 2,500 annual subscribers of the Khorasan Newspaper. Using a simple random sampling technique, 333 participants were selected for the study, determined by Cochran's formula. A questionnaire was then developed based on the components identified in the qualitative phase. For the quantitative data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted using LISREL software to validate the proposed model. The model evaluation results showed a goodness-of-fit index (GOF) of 0.61, indicating that the model fit the data well. Discussion and Results: The study revealed several key categories: Causal Conditions: Dynamism, innovative services, adaptation speed, multimedia nature, and advertising's role in consumer behavior. Core Phenomenon (Competitiveness for Survival): - Strategic orientation factors: modern strategies, organizational knowledge, survival planning, and survival prioritization. - Emphasis on dynamic, change-oriented competitiveness and specialized technological innovation. Strategy: - Customer orientation, effective networking, and internal communication skill development. - Goals: Foster collaboration and shared understanding of competitive objectives. Context: - Change management processes. - Increasing customer condition complexity. - Broader environmental factors affecting media organizations. External Confounding Conditions: - Infrastructural capabilities. - Organizational knowledge management systems. - Commitment to organizational learning. Role: Strengthen resilience for sustained competitiveness. Implications: - Tangible: Survival, organizational maturity, competitive advantage, customer retention, revenue growth, customer acquisition. - Intangible: Customer satisfaction, societal cultural/economic growth, organizational agility, innovation potential, market positioning. Conclusions: The research concludes that for print media to maintain competitiveness against social networks and ensure their survival, they must first establish a robust competitiveness foundation. This requires: Developing strategic competitiveness models, Adopting modern strategies to keep the organization current, Building a strong organizational knowledge base, and Creating survival-focused strategic plans *that integrate competitiveness priorities.

Offer the Model of Citizenship Culture Promotion Based on the Use of Social Networks Among Tehran Citizens

Haniyeh Naghdi; Faezeh Taghipour; Reza Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi

Volume 10, Issue 38 , November 2024, , Pages 336-297

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.60091.1180

Abstract

1-IntroductionThe newly emerged concept of citizenship culture has gained considerable attention from researchers in the context of modern society, as it serves as a guide to sustainable ... Read More 1-IntroductionThe newly emerged concept of citizenship culture has gained considerable attention from researchers in the context of modern society, as it serves as a guide to sustainable human interactions. Throughout history, the concept of culture and citizenship has been intricately linked to one another. In the past, this notion was primarily used in the legal domain and pertained to people's adherence to the law. However, over time, it has expanded in its significance, and currently, it holds a much broader meaning. The internet and social networks have become effective tools for the dissemination of cultural symbols, acting as a significant source of information and awareness across various domains, including culture. They play a pivotal role in driving cultural transformations and changes among people.The scope of the issue has broadened, and the importance of the matter has intensified with the widespread accessibility of smart mobile devices, allowing users to access social networks such as Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, Twitter, and others. The extensive use of these networks throughout the day and night by individuals has led to an increased focus on the creation, production, publication, and republishing of a wide range of information in various fields within these platforms. Given the increasing reliance on social networks in daily life, their impact on citizenship culture has become increasingly prominent. Ignoring this issue could lead to significant, and potentially irreversible, losses. Therefore, the importance of studying the benefits and drawbacks of these platforms is undeniable.The existing body of scholarly research has explored this topic from diverse angles, although a more detailed examination of the impact of social networks on citizenship culture appears to be lacking. Given the extensive usage of social networks by citizens and their influence on various aspects of life, there is a definite need for further study in this area. Therefore, the present report sets out to address the question of whether a model can be proposed to enhance the culture of citizenship by leveraging the power of social media, by investigating the role of social networks in shaping citizenship culture.2-LiteratureReviewMatani et al. (2019) conducted a study titled "Investigating the Use of Mass Media and Adherence to Citizenship Culture (Case Study: Citizens Over 18 Years Old in Ghaem Shahr City)" using the field method, survey method, and a questionnaire instrument. They concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between using mass media and the overall level of adherence to the citizenship culture and its dimensions, including social participation, publicism, responsibility, and a tendency to follow the law.Ghafarinasab et al. (2019), in a study titled "Sociological Explanation of Citizenship Culture (Case Study: Citizens 15 Years Above in Eqlid City)," assert that citizenship is a crucial indicator of development and progress in developing countries. One significant dimension of citizenship is the culture of citizenship. They highlight that the establishment and growth of citizenship can be viewed as a serious solution for resolving social challenges in developing nations. They utilize the theories of Marshall, Janoski, Faulks, and Turner to examine citizenship culture among citizens in Eqlid City. In addition, they employ the survey method and a questionnaire instrument to gather data. They also use a multi-stage cluster sampling technique to choose the sample. The results indicate that the citizenship culture among citizens is above average. The analysis of the hypothesis reveals that variables such as gender, marital status, the degree of religious commitment, social identity, the extent of media usage, and political awareness exhibit a prominent association with the culture of citizenship.Askarizadeh (2019) conducted a study titled “Identifying Social and Educational Factors Affecting the Promotion of Citizenship Culture in the Neighborhoods of Bandar Abbas City” with a descriptive survey-exploratory method, utilizing a random cluster sampling method. The sample size consisted of 458 individuals, and a questionnaire instrument was utilized in this survey. The findings highlight the significant impact of educational and socioeconomic factors on the promotion of citizenship culture. Among the social factors, awareness of citizenship rights, the rule of law and orderliness, collective interests, awareness of external and internal events, responsibility, publicism, use of cultural centers, and use of the media have been found to greatly influence citizenship culture, respectively.Among the educational factors, the legal infrastructure and bylaws, written and specific educational objectives, executive structures, the existence of diverse training courses, acceptance of change amongst citizens, awareness and competence of officials, innovative management and supportive managers, the capability of citizens, the attitude of officials, citizens' enthusiastic participation, incentives, communication between officials and citizens, technical infrastructure, and the presence of supporting human resources in setting up and supervision are all found to significantly impact the citizenship culture.3-MethodologyThe present study aimed to propose a model for promoting citizenship culture by leveraging social networks among citizens of Tehran. This is an applied study by objective, a cross-sectional study in terms of the data collection time, and a qualitative research design in terms of the procedure. A qualitative approach with a grounded theory approach was adopted, and the theoretical sampling method was utilized. The primary goal of conducting this study was to contribute to the promotion of the culture of citizenship, thereby enhancing the overall well-being of society.The statistical population of this research encompassed specialists and experts in social networks and citizenship culture (university professors, city managers, and so on) and reached saturation with no additional data being identified through conducting new interviews. The open, axial, and selective codes were extracted via analyzing the interviews. This study employed a grounded theory approach to identify the main codes and themes related to the culture of citizenship in social networks.The study, based on Corbin & Strauss's grounded theory model, examined the causal conditions (conditions leading to a change in an event), context, intervening conditions (barriers that may delay or prevent an event from occurring), action/interaction strategies (methods utilized to effect change), and consequences (outcomes or effects of the change process). Following this examination and identification process, the conditions for the promotion of citizenship culture were eventually specified, aligned with the established conceptual model.4-ConclusionAnalyzing and interpreting the statistical results indicate that social networks exert a positive and significant influence on the dimensions of citizenship culture, thereby upgrading the culture. However, it is essential to make several changes and transformations in Iran to ensure that there is effectiveness in promoting citizenship culture through social networks. Presently, the introduction of virtual social networks into the lives of citizens has been highly embraced in response to the diverse needs of individuals. These networks, in turn, have significantly influenced various aspects of existence. Undoubtedly, social networks have demonstrated ostensible and widespread effects on different areas of people's lives. Additionally, social networks play a vital role in enhancing and strengthening social interactions within the digital realm and have profound impacts on myriad facets of citizens' lives.

An Analysis of Students' Teacher Perceptions of Learning Content in Social Networks: A Phenomenological Study

Sadegh Hamedinasab; Masoumeh Azizi; Rezvan Mohammadi

Volume 10, Issue 39 , October 2024, , Pages 244-223

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.69597.1447

Abstract

The objective of this study was to ascertain insights into the experiences and perceptions of student teachers with regard to the use of social networks in learning content. The research ... Read More The objective of this study was to ascertain insights into the experiences and perceptions of student teachers with regard to the use of social networks in learning content. The research method employed for this study was qualitative and phenomenological in nature, with the participant pool consisting of all student teachers pursuing the primary education specialty at Farhangian University of Birjand during the academic year 2021-2022. To gather insights for this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 15 student teachers (7 males and 8 females) through purposive sampling. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The collected data were then analyzed using the content analysis method. To ensure reliability, the agreement between coders method was used, while expert review was applied to validate the study findings. The study revealed that the content of student-teacher learning in social media encompasses a range of material, including university-related topics such as discipline-based, skill-based and English language content, as well as school-related content covering teaching methods, classroom management and fundamental courses. Additionally, general information such as news, medical information, and technological advancements fall within the scope of this learning content. Another significant finding from the study indicated that student teachers do not have a positive perception of the content shared on social networks, with concerns about its reliability and validity. This includes aspects such as disproportionately unbalanced content and the presence of incomplete information. In light of these findings, the study suggests that Farhangian University consider providing credible, organized, and appropriate content for each field of study on social media platforms. This will aid in the development of student-teacher professions and foster a positive attitude towards the content offered on these platforms. Extended Abstract:IntroductionThe rapid growth and wide reach of the internet have paved the way for increased interaction and information exchange between students and teachers. Education, being a complex process, is influenced by multiple factors, and the role of social networks in the learning process cannot be overstated. Through collaboration with other teachers, instructors can access valuable information beyond official educational programs. The objective of this study is to explore the learning content for student teachers on social networks, as well as their perception of the validity and credibility of the information and resources shared on these platforms.Materials and MethodsFor the current study, a qualitative phenomenological research approach was adopted. The target population consisted of all student teachers in the field of primary education at Farhangian University in Birjand during the academic year 2021-2022. Using purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 15 participants from this population (7 males and 8 females) until theoretical saturation of the data was achieved. The selection criteria for the semi-structured interviews involved recruiting student teachers who actively used social networks, as this aligned with the research objectives. To analyze the collected data from the interviews, thematic analysis was employed. This process involved extracting basic themes (codes and key points of the text), organizing themes (themes generated from combining and summarizing the basic themes), and overarching themes. In order to ensure data reliability, the coder consensus method was utilized, while expert review was applied to validate the study's findings.Discussion and ResultsThe findings of the study confirmed that the content of student teachers' learning on social networks incorporates three primary categories: university-related topics, school-related topics, and general information. Specifically, in terms of university-related content, there is a strong emphasis on developing practical skills, acquiring discipline-specific knowledge, and enhancing English language proficiency.The importance of school-related content in the learning process was also highlighted by the study, as student teachers seek knowledge about innovative teaching techniques, classroom administration, and foundational topics for their future educational roles. Furthermore, the research also showed that student teachers frequently access information related to news, technological advancements, and health-related matters on social networks. However, the study revealed that student teachers tend to have a less favorable opinion of the content shared on social media platforms, attributing this to shortcomings in accuracy, reliability, and thoroughness.ConclusionsConsidering the substantial amount of time student teachers spend on social networks, both intentionally and inadvertently, it is crucial to provide appropriate content. Despite their usage, student teachers hold a negative perception of the content offered on these platforms. To address this issue, it is recommended that the content be formally and systematically presented through the official social media channels of Farhangian University.Professors of Farhangian University are encouraged to utilize their official presence on social media actively and constructively, employing these platforms as a valuable resource to support their teaching endeavor and share content related to their educational modules. To foster practical application alongside theoretical knowledge, Farhangian University should establish and promote official learning channels and groups specifically catering to various educational departments. By doing so, student teachers will be introduced to innovative teaching strategies, classroom administration techniques, and discipline-related content.To cultivate student teachers' trust in the content presented on social networking platforms, it is essential to ensure that materials and resources disseminated through the official communication channels of Farhangian University are reliably validated. In order to provide appropriate, authentic content, Farhangian University should establish specialized groups or channels for each field of study, thereby enabling student teachers to access content directly related to their respective areas of study.

Social Policy Requirements in the Field of Public Opinion Management with Emphasis on the Role of Media and Social Networks

Ezzatullah Mirzaei; elham keshavarz moghadam

Volume 10, Issue 37 , June 2024, , Pages 49-1

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.75796.1620

Abstract

Introduction:In the Islamic Republic, a unique variant of public opinion is observed, distinct from traditional models. While existing outside the realm of power relations, this form ... Read More Introduction:In the Islamic Republic, a unique variant of public opinion is observed, distinct from traditional models. While existing outside the realm of power relations, this form of public opinion lacks the connection to civil society commonly found in other contexts. Instead, it is defined by a collection of shared beliefs, attitudes, and viewpoints that are shaped independently of power dynamics, thus forming a unique, isolated public opinion within the Islamic Republic's sociopolitical landscape. The precarious state of civil society in Iran has led to it becoming a negligible factor in social and political equations and relations. Public opinion in Iran, rather than taking shape through the lens of civil society and aligning with government policies and decisions, functions as a force that is manipulated by adversaries and used as a tool to apply pressure against the Islamic Republic’s authority.Currently, the media plays a substantial role in influencing and steering public opinion. Many scholars and researchers in fields such as sociology, communication sciences, psychology, and others have posited that the media has the ability to shape its perceptions and interpretations of events to align with its preconceived biases. Consequently, media outlets often select data and scrutinize social phenomena based on these biases, and the information provided may not always accurately reflect reality but can be tainted with cultural, political, and social values and norms.Research question(s):The present research aimed at understanding the necessity of implementing social policies to manage and control Iranian public opinion. In the first stage, the study focused on identifying factors that contribute to the pessimistic outlook and confused mentality among Iranians. Subsequently, in the second stage, the research sought to analyze the meaningful relationships between causes and effects, with the objective of providing strategies in the domain of social policy. In accordance with these objectives, the research aimed to answer the following questions:What are the platforms that influence Iranian public opinion?What are the characteristics of Iranian public opinion?What strategies and tactics are implemented in the arena of managing and controlling Iranian public opinion?What capacities and constructive ideas can potentially impact Iranian public opinion?Literature Review:Given the profound and far-reaching changes and transformations experienced by human societies, the role of media, virtual space, and social networks in shaping such transformations is significant. Numerous thinkers have substantiated this assertion, as they argue that in the current era, the media serves as the primary force shaping public thoughts and minds. Disregard towards this phenomenon is considered impractical.Castells, for instance, posits that all identities are constructed, but the critical question at hand is how, from what sources, by whom, and for what purposes. Gerbner and his associates in the "cultivation theory" have attempted to address the impact of mass media, particularly television, on shaping public opinions and thoughts. Hall and J. Holley (2005) introduced the theory of "representation," which posits that in the contemporary context, mass media's audio-visual presentations have the most profound impact on shaping public culture, thoughts, and perceptions. According to this theory, mass media serve as instruments for representing the world to their audiences.The media, according to the theoretical framework of framing, does not solely function as a mirror that reflects events and the realities of the social and political world. Instead, they play a more active role in shaping social and political realities. Through their news reporting, the media influence how people perceive and understand the world around them, essentially constructing those realities. McCombs and Reynolds (2009) propose the theory of "highlighting," asserting that in the context of modern times, the media wield significant influence as a powerful factor. According to this theory, media communications and platforms play a pivotal role in the discursive processes of highlighting and marginalization. Moreover, the media are regarded as a foundational power factor in a global system that is constantly undergoing change.Methodology:This study is a descriptive-analytical research project conducted in accordance with the qualitative methodological approach, grounded in contextual theorization. It utilizes semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection technique and employs purposeful theoretical sampling to identify participants who can provide insights related to the research questions. Theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting interviews with 16 academics and experts in the fields of social sciences and communication sciences from various universities in Tehran (Tehran, Tarbiat Modares, and Khwarazmi). The interviewees comprised 13 men and 3 women, with ages ranging from 42 to 70 years.Result:Based on analysis conducted using MAXQDA software, 52 distinct concepts were identified during the initial open coding stage. These were subsequently grouped into 15 core categories during the axial coding phase. These categories can be further organized into three broader forms: platforms that shape the state of Iranian public opinion, characteristics of Iranian public opinion, and strategies and tactics employed in policy-making and public opinion management.The influence of the following platforms on Iranian public opinion is evident: a general sentiment of disappointment, a prevailing negativity, diminishing trust in official media spaces, and a decrease in their overall favorability.Several characteristics are evident in such a thought process: there is an increase in the tendency towards activism and direct action, a heightened influence of public opinion on government decision-making, a growing dissatisfaction and expression of demands shaped by virtual spaces and social media platforms, a stronger focus on political issues and concerns for security among the populace, and an increasing interest in adopting global values and norms, along with a strong influence wielded by unofficial media sources in opposition to civil society and official media channels. There is also a desire to form new social movements, particularly through acts of civil disobedience and other forms of influence. As a means of controlling public opinion, the researcher emphasized looking towards weaker and less developed neighboring countries as a cautionary tale. To manipulate public opinion in line with policy objectives, the researcher proposed strategies and tactics such as cover action, coordinated action (shaping aligned narratives), and media action. These tactics are aimed at influencing public opinion to align with policy goals and public opinion management.Discussion:In this study, the primary objectives were twofold: to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to the pessimistic outlook and confusing mindset of Iranians, and to examine the meaningful relationships between causes and effects by introducing social policy measures. It is worth noting that despite the numerous and persistent crises faced since the establishment of the Islamic Republic system, Iranian society has consistently demonstrated resilience and cooperation with the system. However, challenges and threats have emerged within society, creating wounds and uncertainties.It appears that factors such as a decrease in public trust (regarding structures, authorities, organizations, and institutions), heightened frustration and pessimism about the possibility of large-scale reform, the continued proliferation of negative news, and an escalating growth in demands that are difficult to meet in the short term are exacerbating the situation.Class divisions, continuous revelations against leaders and executive officials, an increase in the propensity for protests and a trend towards violence in these protests, the growth of political polarization, the focus of satellite and social media networks in directing public opinion, the establishment of an identity of resistance through cultural and social focus, a changing lifestyle and a rise in family breakdowns, a focus on celebrities and decreasing significance of former reference groups, and heightened external pressures have contributed to a sense of abandonment in Iran's public opinion, resulting in negative representations. When considering the nature and context of Iranian society in terms of its social, political, economic, and cultural aspects, it may be beneficial to categorize the primary and significant strategies for shaping Iranian public opinion in a positive, constructive, and hopeful direction into the following three broad categories:Several techniques have been utilized to shape public opinion: representation, framing, highlighting, and planting, which are based on the extensive use of virtual spaces and social networks. Moreover, strategies such as forming a think tank, analyzing positive narratives, and employing media actions were identified as potentially effective approaches in the realm of policymaking and public opinion management within the Iranian context. In response to the influence of the information and satellite space, public opinion might be steered in a different direction compared to that preferred by the government. It is worth noting that it is challenging to quickly overcome the enemy's soft and cognitive warfare, as this influence leverages the vast reach of virtual spaces, social networks, and satellite channels. The enemy not only seeks to impose a new lifestyle among Iranians but also employs various tactics and imagery to direct public opinion towards confrontational and oppositional stances against the government.

Cyber feminism, represented demands of women in virtual social networks

Hamideh Hosseinzadeh; Afsaneh Tavassoli

Volume 10, Issue 37 , June 2024, , Pages 322-271

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.73851.1568

Abstract

This research was conducted in order to investigate cyber feminism in Iran and with the objectives of identifying the demands represented in feminist social networks. In the qualitative ... Read More This research was conducted in order to investigate cyber feminism in Iran and with the objectives of identifying the demands represented in feminist social networks. In the qualitative phase of this study, library sources were used to identify the demands represented, as well as to check the content of feminist social networks, therefore, a total of 44 pages were identified with the following related indicators: "1- Semiotic signs of feminist approaches in text editing and the content used, 2_ the presence of feminist keywords and related ideas in the text and content used, 3_ active feminist pages expressing demands. 4- The posts are related to the demands of women. 5- Focusing on Iranian women, 6- Introducing yourself as a feminist in the profile (bio) section of these networks", 16 popular pages with more than K50 followers were selected and subjected to data analysis. The findings of the qualitative phase were conducted using thematic analysis method, It is worth mentioning that in the current research, the classification has been done up to the level of main themes, And finally, the main themes have been obtained from the classification of minor themes, And we have reached 5 main themes. Classification at all levels has been done by manual coding, which finally resulted in a main core under the title of "removing restrictions imposed against women" and five main themes including: "1. Resolving gender injustice and inequality, 2. Resolving relative deprivation from relationships and lived experience, 3. Resolving the crisis of female agency, 4. Resolving stereotypes built around the discourse of discrimination, 5. According to these data, we can conclude: Cyber feminists take actions in the field of cyberspace, taking into account the premise of "applying restrictions against women", which results in the representation of demands in cyberspace.IntroductionOne of the important issues this research examines is to what extent the virtual havens of Iranian cyber feminisms, given the limitations they have in forming real-world havens, have been able to connect the separate and individual cells of the existing feminist system to the main sources and through that have a maximum impact on the women's community. From this aspect, the most important objectives pursued in this study are as follows: examining the characteristics of the demands represented in social networks, investigating the desires and axes of activism in feminist social networks, and reviewing the major schools of feminist thought present in feminist social networks.Materials and MethodsThe method of data collection in this study is conducted through qualitative thematic analysis, which examines and analyzes posts and texts in several feminist Instagram networks that have led to the representation of demands in the field of women's issues. The population includes all active feminist pages that meet the criteria for entry into the study. The sampling method was theoretical or purposive, where the researcher actively participated in the social network Instagram and engaged in participatory observation to search for samples. In summary, for sampling, after an extensive search among active networks that met the entry conditions to the study, a smaller number that had significantly represented demands and guided the research author in answering the qualitative phase questions were selected. This included 16 pages with over 50K followers and a collection of 320 relevant and necessary posts to answer the questions.Discussion and ResultsFrom the point of view of these feminist pages, throughout history, all kinds of norms have become customs and habits which, by determining gender roles, have restricted and encouraged women to the private sphere and engaged in domestic work and caring duties, and have pushed men towards social activities and Being bossy and high-handed which has led. Therefore, from the point of view of these feminist pages, it is very important to get rid of these stereotypes and prevent future generations from falling into them, and give women a chance to get rid of these gender roles. From the point of view of many pages, supporting and serving women by applying official laws and customary norms is only a fallacy that has been done in line with the systematic exclusion of women from all public spheres and social affairs. And this is while in order to achieve equality, we need to remove the repressive laws that have created the ground for limiting women's competition with men and removing women from the labor market and social affairs in favor of men during the determination of gender roles. It is organized in a way that always reproduces the domination of men over women. Therefore, according to these pages, the basis of the gender order is the inferiority of women, and all institutions and social relations are organized on this basis, therefore, according to the claim, the important issue is the empowerment of women in the structure. More precisely, what is said about the inferiority of women in relationships and isolation based on the content of feminist networks means that at the top of the gender hierarchy, in any way, is hegemonic masculinity, which is characterized by dominance, authority, and physical strength, and in contrast to it. All kinds of femininity are in subordinate positions of hegemonic masculinity; either when the woman is in the position of central femininity, complementing the hegemonic masculinity, or when they form subordinate femininities at the end of the power pyramid. In any case, women are marginalized and their experiences and narratives are forgotten, because culture and power are reproducing the gender order, and women with different opinions and thoughts are faced with laws, customs, and barriers that make them "oppressed" in this field. "ConclusionsSo from the point of view of these social pages, what has been evident so far in performance and relationships, Male dominance and following a male-centered procedure and the dominance of patriarchal relations have been, which has led to ignoring the basic rights of women and after that has caused women to be excluded and marginalized. So in terms of these pages in feminist social networks, If the society is to be freed from the male-centered practice and patriarchal relations in all elements of the family and social system, it is necessary to achieve a justice-oriented rethinking in her perspective and performance and seek compensation with an egalitarian and egalitarian attitude. These networks believe that not only women's rights should be recognized in private and family spheres, Rather, in the public sphere, the presence of women in society should be improved both quantitatively and qualitatively, and instead of being a decorative and showy presence Efforts should be made towards a creative, active, independent presence and to expand the goal of gender equality in society.

Pathology of the Role of Telegram on Students' Isolation and Disorder in Social Interactions; a Case Study: High School Students in Tehran

manochehr shah baba; gholamreza latifi; mohammadreza rasouli

Volume 9, Issue 36 , December 2023, , Pages 106-71

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.71475.1513

Abstract

The growing prominence of virtual space, combined with the widespread use of tools like Telegram, has brought about significant changes in how citizens, particularly students, interact ... Read More The growing prominence of virtual space, combined with the widespread use of tools like Telegram, has brought about significant changes in how citizens, particularly students, interact with each other. The primary objective of this research is to study the consequences of Telegram's role in creating social isolation and disrupting students' social interactions. The study was conducted on a sample of high school students in Tehran City in 2017-1398, numbering 384 people, and employed a descriptive-correlation research method. Data collection was performed using both library and field research methods, with the use of a questionnaire to gather data. The results indicate that the use of Telegram has a significant effect on social isolation among students in Tehran, and there is a strong positive relationship between the two factors. This occurs due to insufficient management of the Telegram platform, as well as a lack of proper cultural awareness in using the application. IntroductionIntroduction:Indeed, the rise of cyberspace and the usage of communication tools such as Telegram has brought about numerous changes for people in terms of lifestyle and interaction. It is particularly relevant for teenagers and young people, and its significance in the development of society cannot be overstated. In recent times, a significant amount of focus has been placed on communication, social networks, internet spaces, and communication technologies. However, it is crucial to address the severe damages associated with this phenomenon. It's essential to acknowledge that many personal and social harms are concealed in cyberspace. Social isolation is one of these major issues. Social isolation refers to a lack of social connection to society, wherein an individual holds little to no faith in the valuation mechanism and socialreward system. This often leads to the agreement with everything deemed valid and valuable according to societal standards. Young people hold great significance in every society, and they are considered its foundation. All efforts of a society are directed towards investing in and nurturing this valuable group. Therefore, it is our collective responsibility to safeguard these national values and prevent factors that might endanger or harm them. To this end, we must strive to protect and care for them while promoting their well-being and progress. It is crucial to recognize that students are one of the most vulnerable segments of society in this domain. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of Telegram in the social isolation and disruptions in social interactions among students.Method:The research method employed in this descriptive study is correlation, and by utilizing calculated correlation coefficients, the researchers have constructed a structural model. The statistical population of the study consists of all high school students in Tehran for the academic year 2017-2018. Based on the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 individuals. In this study, Spearman's statistics and Lisrel's structural equations are applied to calculate the frequency percentage, density percentage, and establish relationships and test hypotheses. A questionnaire serves as the primary tool used to gather data in this research. Three distinct questionnaires, designed for the topics of social network pathology and disorders in interaction and isolation, were utilized. The questionnaire for pathology in social networks is founded on the researcher's model, containing 26 questions that focus on the four prominent areas of social network harms, namely: 1. Social-communicative harms; 2. Behavioral-individual harms; 3. Economic harms; 4. Cultural harms. The interaction disorder questionnaire was constructed by the researcher, which includes the following primary components: 1. Social trust disorder in interpersonal communication and communities; 2. Social cohesion disorder; 3. Coordination disorder; 4. Participation disorder in social and communication activities.And finally, the questionnaire for social isolation, devised by the researcher, encompasses seven essential aspects, including: 1. Feeling lonely; 2. Feeling powerless or helpless; 3. Feeling despair or meaninglessness; 4. Reducing social tolerance; 5. Feeling abnormal; 6. Experiencing social isolation; 7. Feeling alienated. The study utilizes two methods for data collection: library and field research methods. Findings:The outcomes of the research demonstrate that the detrimental aspects of social networks and the escalation of social isolation can significantly influence social interaction and social isolation among high school students in Tehran, with a special focus on the role of Telegram in this phenomenon. The research findings also indicate that the harmful facets of social networks and disruptions in social interactions, particularly in the context of Telegram's role in social interaction or isolation, can have a substantial influence on high school students in Tehran. Furthermore, the study found that a substantial correlation exists between students' isolation and disarray and their utilization of the Telegram social network. Conclusion:Based on the statistical data obtained from the research, the second subhypothesis titled "There exists a connection between the detrimental aspects of social networks and disruption in social interaction" holds the strongest correlation coefficient of (0.910). This implies a robust and substantial relationship between the mentioned factors. This revelation suggests that, amongst high school students in Tehran, the most significant harm that can be ascribed to social networks is social interaction disruption. In essence, the improper and uninformed utilization of social networks has contradictory outcomes compared to its surface appearance. This phenomenon leads people to be more detached from one another, limiting their communication to the realms of virtual space, where it lacks tangibility, is imperceptible, and remains invisible and manageable. This point highlights the adverse impact of social network use on interpersonal relationships due to the lack of recognition among individuals.As a result, the absence of verbal communication can lead to strained connections and failures in relationships. Furthermore, this communication deficiency can cause individuals to encounter challenges in social, organizational, and work settings, with a marked weakness in collective speech. The disruption of social interactions can result in the disruption of social etiquette and norms. Various aspects of communication, such as trust, shared conventions, and interactions, which emerge as a result of optimal communication and participation among members of society, can be compromised. This, in turn, can create social problems and undermine the harmonious functioning of the community. Social isolation will likely have numerous adverse effects across various domains, including cultural, economic, and more. The affected individual may withdraw from society and others, leading to the inability to fulfill their basic needs. Specifically, this can manifest in the form of a diminished sense of belonging to others, reduced acceptance by others, and a weakened sense of group membership. The findings strongly suggest that the usage of Telegram as a social network has a significant influence on the formation of social isolation among high school students in Tehran.

Studying How Parents Mediate When Facing the Media Environment

fariba seyedan; fatemeh Angoraj Taghavi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023, , Pages 444-397

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.68169.1399

Abstract

Abstract New media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new ... Read More Abstract New media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new communication technologies, by providing new opportunities for joint activities, has had tremendous effects on the relationships of family members. Is. Investigating mediation and how parents encounter cyberspace not only helps to design new solutions in media education for parents, but also opens up new fields in media studies, especially in the field of family. Children are one of the possibilities of virtual space, limits and boundaries of activity with communication technologies and necessary skills in the media space. The sample of the research was the potential participants from parents in the city of Karaj. Considering the importance of maximum diversity in the research sample and the existing limitations for conducting interviews, criteria were considered for selecting the sample frame. Using purposeful sampling (based on selection criteria) and theory, after semi-structured interviews with 15 samples of parents, thematic saturation was obtained. The findings of this research are 57 non-repetitive and non-overlapping important statements, the following 4 "overall themes" including parents' media capability. "Restrictive Mediation", "Watch Mediation", "Active Mediation", 10 "Subtopics" and 43 "Comprehensive Meaning Units" were obtained. The results showed that parents' media skills include strategies that allow them to Effectively face the media environment and the use of children and teenagers. Due to the types of restrictive, observational and active mediation strategies, in the complex parent-child interactions, many individual background factors have intervened and mediation strategies, with the changes in children's digital behaviors are variable, and dependent on growth and activity. They are in the virtual space. Therefore, the way parents deal with the media space is not limited to a mediation strategy, and parents may use several methods for media intervention. Not only parents influence the child's behavior, but also the child's real behavior or his digital abilities They are influenced in such a way that they adopt their mediation approach according to the activity that the child does. Introduction With the advent of the information age and the emergence of social media, the Internet has often helped children's growth and is associated with a decrease in the quality of life and their exposure to unknown risks. The main goal of this article is to study how parents mediate in their children's employment and use of cyber space. In this context, we are trying to find out what the participants' experiences are about the way they interact with their children, the limits and boundaries of their children's activities with media technology and the necessary skills in the media space. This is the question of how parents deal with parenting in the media space. Methedology The method of data interpretation in this research is theme or thematic analysis.Thematic analysis is a method to recognize, analyze and report patterns in qualitative data.This method is a process for analyzing textual data and turns scattered and diverse data into rich and detailed data.The data collection tool in this study is semi-structured interviews.Analyzing the data using the 6-step process of Clark and Brown (2017) in the field of thematic analysis, continuously going back and forth between the data and the analyzed codings resulting from the 6 steps, getting familiar with the data, creating primary codes, searching for optional codes, Creating sub-themes, defining the main themes and preparing the final report, in which 57 key concepts, 47 compact semantic units, 9 sub-themes and 3 main themes were obtained.Access to samples was done through targeted sampling including parents of children under 12 years of age and through snowball (non-probability sampling) and as a result, firstly based on the thematic axis of the research and complete knowledge, the first person was selected and after the interview based on the criteria of the research community. have been introduced.Sampling with the condition of theoretical saturation continued up to the number of 15 samples and when the results were repeated, 4 more samples were taken to ensure theoretical saturation and the total number reached 19 samples. To validate the findings, Guba and Lincoln criteria (ability validity, transferability, reliability and confirmability) were used.for reliability, researchers' review and interweaving technique were used so that as much as possible, different points of view were examined and more comprehensive and deeper data were obtained. Peer review (mentors and advisors of experts in the subject with a history of authorship or research in this field) was used to ensure the quality and validity of the interview protocol and for the validity of the coding structure. The use of targeted sampling has increased the possibility of transferring data. The use of in-depth interviews in information for continuous comparison and conceptualization was done in line with the criterion of verifiability. Result The findings of this research include 98 important non-repetitive and non-overlapping statements, under 3 "general themes" including "parental media competence", "restrictive mediation", "viewer", "active mediation", 10 "sub-themes" and 47 "units". compact meaning" were obtained.The findings of the research include the general theme of parents' media capability, which is obtained from 2 sub-themes of acquiring media skills and feeling self-efficacy and competence, and thirteen (13) compact semantic units.In the sub-theme of media use skills, eleven (11) intensive semantic units include familiarity with how to use different software (Word, Excel, etc.), installing the required software, how to send messages, questions and receive answers, familiarity with how to interact with friends and teachers through two-way software, the ability to update the required information, using virtual pages for the purpose of education, parental awareness of privacy, familiarity with attractive and informative websites for children and teenagers, familiarity with various content (text, image, music), familiarity with age-appropriate and desirable virtual games of children was obtained.The findings of this research are 57 non-repetitive and non-overlapping important statements, the following 4 "overall themes" including parents' media capability. "Restrictive Mediation", "Watch Mediation", "Active Mediation", 10 "Subtopics" and 43 "Comprehensive Meaning Units" were obtained. The results showed that parents' media skills include strategies that allow them to Effectively face the media environment and the use of children and teenagers. Due to the types of restrictive, observational and active mediation strategies, in the complex parent-child interactions, many individual background factors have intervened and mediation strategies, with the changes in children's digital behaviors are variable, and dependent on growth and activity. They are in the virtual space. Therefore, the way parents deal with the media space is not limited to a mediation strategy, and parents may use several methods for media intervention. Not only parents influence the child's behavior, but also the child's real behavior or his digital abilities They are influenced in such a way that they adopt their mediation approach according to the activity that the child does.In communication research, the theory of parental mediation is based on the principle that parents try to reduce the negative effects of the media on their children by resorting to different interpersonal communication strategies.The findings of the research include the main theme of direct and indirect limitation of observation, which is obtained from 4 sub-themes of direct time limitation, direct technical limitation, direct limitation of social interactions, observation and thirteen (13) compact semantic units.The sub-theme of time limit includes four (4) compact semantic units of clear rules, prohibiting unlimited use of the Internet, determining the amount of usage hours, warning in case of non-compliance with the rules, and technical limitation including three (3) compact semantic units of limited and blocking some virtual activities. By using the software, the parent's permission to enter a specific page, setting a password for mobile and computer, etc., and limiting social interactions including four (4) compact semantic units, limiting the amount of social interactions, including virtual chat, electronic mail, text messages and social interactions in games. Also, the sub-theme of indirect restriction of surveillance includes two (2) intensive semantic units of imperceptible control and checking activity and indirect restriction of children's use of virtual space.Parents, with parenting and active mediation, in the course of a joint activity with children and teenagers, help them acquire social and cognitive skills, so that they improve their self-improvement skills and gradually become able to take responsibility for using the media environment. For example, while watching a movie, parents attract children's attention, encourage them to comment and ask questions, and expose them to language and cognitive and digital learning.In this research, the general theme of active mediation is obtained from 4 sub-themes of "trust building", "joint activity and use", "conversation and strengthening of self-efficacy" and "training", and 17 compact semantic units. Some parents, in order to develop social and cognitive skills in their children in virtual space, accompany them and guide them through joint activity and use.During a joint activity with parents, with their support and guidance, the child is able to improve his skills and gradually acquire the ability to use the media environment.Among the strategies of parents is active use with their children, in this way, parents do joint and diverse activities with the aim of increasing their child's proper use of digital technologies, for example, they play a video game together or search for attractive and entertaining sites together.In the style of active mediation, parents and children talk and discuss about virtual space and various activities such as computer games and internet usage.Some parents, by actively mediating, discussing and having a critical conversation with their children on the use of the Internet, help the children to evaluate and use these technologies as critical users or spectators.This group of people encourages the development of critical, creative, self-efficacy and openness in children.Through mediation and "active mediation", parents perform different activities with the aim of increasing the child's appropriate use of digital technologies, for example, explaining how to use them or talking about the contents of new programs or websites. Conclusion New media, through the promotion of different patterns of social interaction, and the possibility of access to vast information, have opened new perspectives for family members, and are effective in maintaining relationships within the family. Examining mediation and the way parents face the virtual space not only helps to design new solutions in media education for parents, but also opens new fields in media studies, especially in the family field. The media ability of parents in facilitating interactions between children and new media. It has a key aspect. In order to mediate and guide children's experiences in the web environment, parents must have up-to-date knowledge and skills about digital media.Also, according to various characteristics such as the age and ability of the child, parents take multiple strategies of empowering and active and restrictive mediation and adopt appropriate strategies for children's media intervention with combined methods.In the complex parent-child interactions, many factors of the individual context have intervened and the mediation strategies are variable with the changes in the digital behaviors of children, and it is a function of their growth and activity in the virtual space.The way parents deal with the media environment is not limited to a mediation strategy, and it is possible for parents to use several methods at the same time for media intervention. In this way, not only parents influence the child's behavior, but the child's real behavior or his digital abilities are also affected by their behavior. The way they adopt their mediation approach, according to the activity that the child does.In this research, parents acknowledged the effectiveness of restrictive mediation, in the form of limiting time, interactions, etc., from this point of view, parental supervision is important in facilitating interactions between children and new media, and sometimes in the course of a joint activity, parents support and guide themselves. It regulates that the child is able to improve his skills and abilities. It is worth mentioning that restrictive and monitoring strategies are more effective at younger ages. Sometimes, teenagers consider parental control or limitations as an obstacle to meet their needs and show a negative reaction to this phenomenon by increasing their online activities. Of course, how to apply restrictions is different according to different contexts and fields and needs more studies. In the current media world, parents need to be able to mediate effectively in the form of being with their children, building trust, playing together, rethinking, talking and creating content. They acknowledged privacy and sharing. This kind of active mediation, in the form of discussions and conversations, helps children to be active in the use of technologies as users or critical spectators. It is important in designing the learning environment and creating interactive learning scenarios and challenges. In this way, children and teenagers will be able to explain and describe the memories of using information technology and know how to deal with them, and be aware of the risks of transactions on the Internet, and the basic rights and responsibilities regarding their own and others' data.Now, many children and teenagers have an "open mind", because they interact in local situations with global levels through modern communication technologies, including smart phones and... with social networks, inside and outside the country. Let's look at the world with empathy and openness and especially with ease.

An Analysis of Professional Athletes' Lived Experiences in the Instagram Social Network

farid ganji; sardar mohamadi

Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2023, , Pages 473-445

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.43034.752

Abstract

AbstractIn the last few years, the use of the Internet has been predominantly the utilization of social media networks. A social media network is a digital platform that enables users ... Read More AbstractIn the last few years, the use of the Internet has been predominantly the utilization of social media networks. A social media network is a digital platform that enables users to connect, share information and collaborate with each other. Social media applications, accessible through smartphones, have become increasingly prevalent and popular. All users with access to smart phones can become members of these social media networks, wherein they can share content and experience communication with other people. These social networks can be aptly described as software, programs, or services that are accessible through mobile devices and enable users to interact with others and share information. Users can exchange news and diverse content with others. Among the myriad social media platforms, Instagram's photo-and video-sharing functionality has gained immense popularity and attracted a significant user base. The continuous growth of Instagram, which relies solely on sending and sharing images and videos without textual descriptions, signifies the increasing appeal of visual social media and users' inclination towards such platforms. The present study sought to explore the lived experience of professional athletes on the Instagram social network. The research methodology was qualitative, employing the "grounded theory" methodology, pioneered by Clark and Brown. This approach is employed to identify, analyze, and report patterns (themes) in data (a number of interviews or a text) through a step-by-step process. The theme encapsulates the significant answer and meaning extrapolated from the data relative to the research question. In contrast to traditional qualitative approaches, this analysis is grounded in inductive reasoning, rather than relying on preestablished theories or frameworks. A theme encapsulates critical information and provides insight into the data and research questions. The theme offers a glimpse into the meaning and concept of the pattern of the data and, according to the researcher's analysis, hints at their understanding of the topic at hand. The theme also denotes a recurring and distinctive element of the text, representing a recurring and salient feature within the data that, in the researcher's opinion, reflects a certain level of comprehension and experience regarding the research question. While recognizing themes may vary from one researcher to another, there are some guiding principles that can be followed to identify significant themes. The theme has a repetitive component, meaning that a theme should appear more than once within the text to be considered a theme. Therefore, a concept or issue appearing only once cannot be regarded as a theme. The population of this study consisted of professional athletes who have been using the Instagram social network for more than two years and possess relevant lived experiences. Since the participants hold considerable experience in the arena of athletic competition, they have been qualified to participate in the study. The presence of sufficient lived experience is a pre-requisite for qualitative research and forms the basis of the selected sample. The researcher employed purposeful sampling and data acquisition until achieving data saturation. Two additional interviews were conducted to confirm data saturation and to confirm the researcher's confidence in the obtained results (7+2). A semi-structured interview was employed to acquire the data. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, an inductive approach, per which the analysis continued until the most vital themes were extracted. Following the steps of theme integration, consolidation, and elimination, the researcher selected the primary themes, which were deemed to be most suitable for this research and likely to yield fruitful outcomes. The researcher chose themes which offered a greater potential for significant findings in the study. The findings revealed three principal themes: "Liking and Commenting," "Following," and "Gaining Fans." The analysis shows that social media provides athletes with a novel, personal, and unfiltered method of communication, allowing them to convey messages without the intermediation of public relations personnel or journalists. Previously, athletes relied on traditional channels such as televised interviews, newspaper and magazine articles, and statements released through public relations representatives. Athletes can now engage with their fans through a direct and deeply personal communication channel. Additionally, novel social media platforms, including Instagram, have expedited interactions between athletes and sports enthusiasts. These social networks have become breeding grounds for voicing opinions and seeking advice, providing a valuable source of knowledge and expertise for budding athletes. To facilitate the analysis of the interview data, the researcher leveraged qualitative data classification and coding software, NVivo version 10, to manage and categorize the voluminous data. Considering that the substantial volume of data is a salient characteristic of qualitative studies, the researcher opted to use specialized software to organize and categorize the data efficiently.

An Analysis of the Impact of Market Orientation on Business Performance: The Mediating Role of Social Networks Acceptance

Elham Heydari; nader seyed kalali; Mahtab Mirzaee

Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2023, , Pages 127-105

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.68966.1424

Abstract

IntroductionThis study aims at investigating the relationship between market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. These variables have been acknowledged ... Read More IntroductionThis study aims at investigating the relationship between market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. These variables have been acknowledged by various scholars as having a significant impact on company performance. Company performance is influenced by a variety of factors, and researchers are attempting to uncover the roots of this performance in order to enhance the competitive potential of companies. Insurance companies, as they operate in a competitive industry and possess close relationships with customers, were selected as the focus of the study.MethodsThis study explored the impact of market orientation on business performance, examining the mediating role of social networks acceptance. A survey was conducted among senior executives of the Asian insurance company branches in Iran. Cochran's formula was employed to determine the sample size, resulting in a statistical population of 158 managers. The questionnaire had two sections: demography and research variables, including market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and SmartPLS software were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe study set out to examine the relationship between market orientation, social media acceptance, and business performance, and all four hypotheses were confirmed. It was found that market orientation has a positive impact on business performance, and this relationship is mediated by social media acceptance. The second hypothesis, which states that market orientation has a positive effect on business performance, was also validated. Additionally, the third hypothesis, indicating a positive link between market orientation and social media acceptance, was also supported. Finally, the fourth hypothesis, demonstrating the positive impact of social media acceptance on business performance, was also confirmed.ConclusionRegarding the results of this research, it is evident that market orientation has a positive impact on business performance. Asia Insurance managers should prioritize market-oriented structures and processes to ensure high levels of performance. Additionally, the findings suggest that companies should focus on creating marketing plans that emphasize market orientation. Market orientation is also linked to increased acceptance of social networks. Invested in new technologies, companies can identify the needs of their customers and establish strong relationships with them through social networks. The research concluded that social networks acceptance is directly correlated with improved business performance, indicating that insurance companies must utilize social networks to attract new customers and increase loyalty among existing customers. It is crucial for Asia Insurance to focus on market-oriented strategies and incorporate social networks into their operations to achieve better business performance.The sample of this study is limited to managers of the branches of the Asian insurance company, exclusively located in Iran. Therefore, future scholars can expand this research to other geographical locations and industries, with potentially larger samples. Additionally, the investigation can explore the influence of other mediating or moderator variables, such as cultural aspects and leadership styles, on the relationship between market orientation and performance.

Analyzing the Effect of Instagram on Entrepreneurial Intention (Case of Study: Semnan University Students)

Meisam Modarresi; Shaghayegh jalilvand

Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2023, , Pages 398-365

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.67023.1370

Abstract

IntroductionEntrepreneurship has drawn much attention in recent times due to its ability to create job opportunities, thereby addressing the issue of employment and unemployment. Resolving ... Read More IntroductionEntrepreneurship has drawn much attention in recent times due to its ability to create job opportunities, thereby addressing the issue of employment and unemployment. Resolving unemployment is one of the most pressing social challenges that policymakers are facing. Entrepreneurship is a solution to this problem, and students possessing entrepreneurial skills and motivation can lead to resolving these issues. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of Instagram on entrepreneurial intention among Semnan University students.Methodology:The research follows a quantitative approach, with a functional purpose. The method of data collection is descriptive survey, while the time frame is single-section. The statistical population of this study is composed of 2,000 students who study at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, as well as the Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies at Semnan University, and are members of Instagram. Specifically, the population consists of students who follow entrepreneurial pages on Instagram.A non-probability sampling method, namely stratification, was employed, and a simple random sampling method was used to select a sample of 322 individuals. The data collection tool used in this study is a standard questionnaire that was adapted to the research objectives.FindingsRegarding the effect of Instagram on entrepreneurial intention, the research results revealed a significant impact. The community of entrepreneurs on Instagram have provided students with the confidence to transform their business ideas into reality. In addition, this social network has had the greatest impact on social norms and entrepreneurial attitudes; that is, students communicate with their family, friends and professors on the Instagram social network, and this communication has affected the social and mental norms of students. In addition, this social network has made entrepreneurship students think about independent business.ConclusionInstagram has been found to play a significant role in fostering entrepreneurial intention. The social network has strengthened students' confidence to start a business idea. By extension, these findings emphasize the importance of educating students about entrepreneurship and its benefits, including their ability to create employment opportunities. However, it's important to note that future research may reveal additional factors that impact the relationship between Instagram

Presenting the Ideal Model of Digital Governance in the Era of Networked Society

ali nourijani; hosein eslami; sayed alireza afshani; hassan dehghan dehnavi

Volume 9, Issue 34 , August 2023, , Pages 429-399

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.72100.1543

Abstract

IntroductionThe present-day governance environment in the global arena has been impacted by social networks and the unique aspects of the era of the network society, leading to fundamental ... Read More IntroductionThe present-day governance environment in the global arena has been impacted by social networks and the unique aspects of the era of the network society, leading to fundamental changes. These changes have transformed the governance environment "in", "on", and "through" social networks and made them an obvious and inevitable part of the picture. Therefore, this article aims to provide an effective and viable model for playing an authoritative role in the future of cyber operations at the international level. This will enable participants to take part in shaping the global cyber landscape. The objective of creating a desirable model for digital governance in the network society era has been outlined. By observing relevant documents and conducting library studies, methods used by other countries in this area have been obtained for the expansion and development of domestic and international governance. The two approaches of "open governance" and "control governance" have been examined and discussed, including the effects of adopting each approach and how they may impact international relations.The results of the current study demonstrate that though some might believe that open governance is the predominant approach in international arenas, a combination of both open and control governance based on the system of societal issues has a significant impact on cyber governance practices. Consequently, the ideal model of digital governance is a flexible authoritarian approach based on the system of issues that nations should adopt in both domestic and international arenas.The concepts of "digital governance" and "networked society" are two fundamental areas that constitute the new ecosystem and can be examined from multiple perspectives. The theory of network society, coined by Manuel Castells, presents a macro-level view of the characteristics of the current era, emerging as a new theory after the information society. The aforementioned theory can offer insights into the new age's characteristics.According to Castells, the transition to the network society is characterized by the polarization of international economic structures and societies, the transformation of work and employment, the evolution of media and audiences, the change of the material foundations of culture (the space of flows and timeless time), and the breakdown of the societal fabric. It is notable that the logic of the digital governance and network society areas are distinct, leading to contrasting identities. Ultimately, these identities exist on opposite ends of the spectrum, emphasizing the diverse nature of the network society.Furthermore, digital governance, as a significant aspect impacting global developments, has emerged as an all-encompassing framework for reforms within various governance domains. The digitization process will facilitate seamless cooperation between the public and private sectors, paving the way for effective digital governance, particularly through the reforming of public sector bills.Additionally, several experts assert that governments need to become more efficient and productive, engage in closer collaboration with stakeholders from diverse sectors, and leverage data to inform decision-making through the creation of evidence-based policies. Governments must also enhance transparency and accountability and respond to the evolving relationship between government and citizens by enhancing citizen participation through the implementation of public services or other measures. These concepts have led to the development of digital governance. However, the advancement of public sector improvements within Iran has been comparatively sluggish.The widespread usage of information and communication technologies in day-to-day life, as well as the increasing penetration of these technologies among households in the last few decades, have resulted in a significant amount of information generated about individuals, groups, and societies. In order to enhance their governance indicators, governments have no choice but to access, process, and make use of this information while managing and governing their communities. Consequently, the purpose of the current research is to review governance in the digital age and the research approach is descriptive-analytical. The findings showed that governments, in order to fulfill the changing needs and desires of their citizens, are compelled to make use of information technology to conduct reforms within the public sector and thus bring about radical changes in the way they deliver public services. Digital governance, with its tremendous power, plays an instrumental role in curtailing administrative paperwork, streamlining operations, restructuring governmental institutions, reducing the cost of governance, making governance more adaptable to changes, reducing bureaucratic corruption, enhancing public participation, increasing transparency within the government body, reducing decentralization, fortifying democratic foundations, reforming administrative and governmental bureaucracy, enhancing governance accountability, increasing efficiency and productivity, improving the quality of information and data accessibility, saving time, and enhancing the effectiveness of governance processes.The penetration and expansion of information and communication technology in all areas of human life has led to a change in the ways of communication between people and the society, the methods and procedures that the society contributes to each person in doing their work. Due to these changes, the current age is called the age of information and communication, as a result of which human communities have become scientific communities and citizens have become users of social networks. Today, the vital role of the government and government agencies in the development of the country and the well-being of citizens is obvious.The digital age has prompted many thinkers to propose various indicators of digital governance, which draw from theories and assumptions aiming to serve as the cornerstone of an efficient and user-centered system. Some experts have described e-government as the second revolution after modern government and public administration, affecting not only the methods of public service delivery but also the fundamental relationships between the government and the people. The transformation of the times also necessitates decentralizing operations, hiring subject-matter experts, outsourcing tasks to the private sector, and transforming local authorities into designers and supervisors. In addition, safeguarding the environment, strengthening the culture of citizenship, supporting various public spheres, and encouraging the private sector to reduce government ownership are some of the policies and requirements outlined in the sixth development plan. It is indispensable to carry out information acquisition, licensing, payments, and administrative and operational processes electronically, avoiding in-person procedures (Abdul Hosseinzadeh, 2019, p. 187).The Information Technology Governance Institute defines governance as "a set of responsibilities and activities carried out by the board of directors or senior managers in order to realize strategic direction, ensure the achievement of anticipated goals, manage the organization's risks, and allocate and control resources." Effective governance involves defining structures and mechanisms to ensure effective performance of responsibilities and duties, and it can lead to greater transparency and accountability in organizational functioning.In the field of digital governance, the definition of the concept is derived from the higher-level concept of governance. It can be defined as structures and mechanisms adopted by organizations in the field of digital transformation to optimize their resources and capabilities in terms of digital strategies, processes, and systems. The ultimate goal of effective digital governance is to maximize the positive impact of digital technologies on an organization's operations and service delivery, while minimizing the negative impacts (Bonet and Westerman, 2014).

Identifying the Determining Components of Value of Influencer Marketing for Businesses with Content Analysis

Morteza Movaghar; Zahra Kazemi Saraskanrood

Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2023, , Pages 390-363

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.72530.1536

Abstract

Objectives: Influencer marketing refers to the engagement of influential users who have the credibility, following, and motivation to spread positive word-of-mouth advertising on blogs ... Read More Objectives: Influencer marketing refers to the engagement of influential users who have the credibility, following, and motivation to spread positive word-of-mouth advertising on blogs and social media and is a key component of digital marketing strategies for businesses. Through their posts on social networks, influencers are online opinion leaders who influence the behavior and decision-making process of the masses. Their followers feel close to them because they believe they know a lot about them and are in touch with them. This proximity allows influencers to influence others. Influencers gain a large following, in particular, because they have specific knowledge/skills. Influencers have significant groups of followers and act as experts in their content. The term "social media influencers" refers to those users who have the potential to create interaction, dialogue and/or sell products/services with the target audience. An influencer can be anyone, from a fashion blogger on Instagram to a wedding photographer on Pinterest, to a cyber security expert tweeting on Twitter. Influencers create identities by communicating personal experiences that combine photos, videos, and activities. Similarly, it should be noted that followers actively participate in the construction and legitimization of influencers' identities because they follow them, interact with them, defend and support them. According to the mentioned research results, although businesses have recognized the value of attracting influencers as a distinct marketing communication tool, the insight on how to select and participate with these influencers and integrate the campaign into their marketing communication program is still limited. In recent years, academic research on influencer marketing has been growing rapidly, and in the past decade, significant efforts have been made to improve knowledge about influencer marketing, but little attention has been paid to systematizing and synthesizing the current body of knowledge. In order to fill this gap, this article aims to conduct a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature and review the current status of influencer marketing research. The current research tries to answer the question that what are the determinants of marketing value creation through influential people for businesses and how are they prioritized? The purpose of this research is to identify the determining components of the value of influencer marketing for businesses.Methods: This study was done with a qualitative approach and the method of thematic analysis of past studies. Before presenting the results of foreign and domestic studies in the field of the studied concept, i.e. "Influencer marketing", to identify the current trend and status of this issue, the results of the bibliometric analysis are presented in a scientific and research way. Bibliometric analysis enables a detailed understanding of the body of knowledge and its various aspects such as joint citations, co-occurrence, etc. It also helps to describe the data in the form of major contributions between authors and countries, the most cited countries, the most prolific authors, and the most influential journals in the field of study are identified.Results Based on the results, since 2008, the writing of articles in the field of "Influencer marketing" has been started, and until 2016, only one article has been published in this field every year, and since 2016, this issue has gradually received the attention of researchers. and the trend of publishing articles has increased. The review of research literature in the field of "Influencer marketing" has been mainly focused on the fields of business and management and then social sciences. Theme analysis is one of the appropriate analytical methods in qualitative research. Thematic analysis can be used well to compile and analyze the network of themes. Thematic analysis can create a suitable bridge between researchers of different disciplines. This method helps researchers easily convey their observations, findings, and interpretations to others. If a researcher wants to present the results of his work in ways that are comprehensible to other researchers in different fields and with different orientations, thematic analysis can establish a good relationship between different philosophical approaches and between theorists and practitioners. In the theme analysis stage, the data were collected and analyzed with the help of open and axial coding in MAXQDA software. The components have been prioritized by using the importance-function matrix and gathering experts' opinions through a questionnaire. The determining components of the value of influencer marketing have been identified in 8 categories of organizing themes and 59 basic themes and include the components of audience characteristics, characteristics of influencers, content characteristics, platform characteristics, industry characteristics, time horizon, ethical concerns, and collaborative networking.Conclusions: The results of this research can be used to develop marketing strategies through influencer marketing according to business conditions. Among other things, business marketing managers and planners are suggested to rely on content-based criteria, such as the relevance of topics, and content quality, to attract audiences.

Structural-Interpretive Analysis (ISM) of Common Persuasive Methods of Message Sharing in Social Networks during City Council Elections based on the Metacomposite Approach (Case Study: Isfahan City Council Elections)

parvin javanbakht; Reza Esmaeili; Fazeh Taghipour

Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2023, , Pages 548-493

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.48194.868

Abstract

Abstract Objectives: Elections are one of arenas where people express their opinions and desires and indirectly intervene in the public policy-making process. During the elections, ... Read More Abstract Objectives: Elections are one of arenas where people express their opinions and desires and indirectly intervene in the public policy-making process. During the elections, candidates, groups, and political parties try to compete with each other based on different political principles to gain power and, if elected, implement their desired policy. In the past, advertising in political arenas was mostly done through speeches in circles, tracts, urban advertisements, making documentary films, and advertisements in media such as television and to some extent short messages, and its influence on the electoral behavior of the people was moderate, because only those active in the political fields tended to attend these circles and participate in the speeches of election candidates. In fact, these advertising methods were more traditional and created huge costs for the candidates and their sponsors. However, with the introduction of social networks, the form and effectiveness of advertisements changed both in terms of content and in terms of how they were transmitted to citizens, and more people, especially the younger generation of society, who were involved in social networks, were informed about their views, and its effectiveness was many times higher. Other media were and are now considered to be one of the most important tools for increasing the accuracy and efficiency of advertisements, which can be effective in strengthening people's voting. In fact, social networks are a tool under the control of candidates who intend to attract the attention and trust of citizens by expressing their ideas and programs to gain political seats. This advertising includes various methods that the type of utilization of them, as well as the initiative in using new methods, can facilitate the process of selecting candidates to a great extent. In fact, the behavior of candidates and electoral strategies have created a wide tendency to choose social networks as a persuasive priority for citizens, so that they can get more votes. Social networks are the current view of society, culture, politics, economy, and science. By carefully examining the relationships of people and other social entities in social networks in various fields, we will know the characteristics of the target society. It is a short story that turned into a discussion of social networks. In our country, despite the high importance of the issue of social networks and the increasing use of social networks by people, the researches that have been done in the field of political behaviorism are less focused on the persuasive methods used in social networks, which are one of the main elements in the field of communication, and on the other hand, the effect of these persuasive methods of social networks on people's voting behavior, which is one of the main elements in the field of political behavior and sociology, has been studied. Based on this, in this article, a structural-interpretive analysis of persuasive methods used in social networks and their effect on voters' behavior has been done. Methods: This study was done with a qualitative approach, the research approach of this study is inductive-deductive in terms of data collection logic. For this purpose, it should be briefly stated, first by examining the theoretical and theoretical foundations of the research based on the synthesis of the results of the reviewed researches, the criteria related to common persuasive methods in social networks were identified based on the Delphi analysis, according to the two criteria, the average and the agreement coefficient. They are confirmed or deleted and finally, through structural-interpretive analysis, the identified layers are prioritized in the form of a pattern and explained from the point of view of the level of penetration and influence. In this research, 15 specialists from the fields of media, communication, and social sciences were selected through homogenous sampling and participated in two parts: overview and structural-interpretive analysis. Results: Based on the analysis, it was determined that the most effective and influential method of persuasion adopted by election candidates, stimulating collective emotions and creating enthusiasm is established as two indicators of the instrumental function of persuasion. In fact, election candidates and their supporting groups try to influence collective and group emotions by producing content on social networks and increasing enthusiasm among them. At the least effective level, there is a massive showing of the competitors' weaknesses, which can also be said, this type of advertising behavior conveys the most negative aspect of influence to the people, because it makes the capabilities and realistic slogans of the candidate in question. Negative advertising against the competitor will be lost and will reduce the motivation of the followers Conclusions: In fact, election candidates and their supporting groups try to influence collective and group emotions by producing content on social networks and increasing excitement among them. This issue greatly affects the increase of people's support, because such messages target the audience's perceptual bias and cause wider advertisements, both on social networks and in the minds of the audience. Messages are produced with the aim of mobilizing emotions and inciting them in social networks, causing stronger support groups to come into action. The messages that are published in social networks with the aim of informing about the candidate's future policies and plans, are aimed at creating more understanding about the goals and plans of the person in question, and the more these policies and strategies are based on facts, the more the audience will be affected.

Factors affecting the tendency to share knowledge in social networks

Usef Ramezani; Mohsen Rajabzadeh; mahnaz raoof

Volume 8, Issue 32 , January 2023, , Pages 96-71

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.32834.502

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the willingness to share knowledge in social networks. This research is applied research. The statistical population ... Read More

Designing a mental cognitive mapping model using the Zaltman metaphorical extraction technique (ZIMET)

Seyede Shima karanjam; Seyed Reza Seyed Javadin; Mohammadrahim Esfidani; Moslem Alimohammadlou

Volume 8, Issue 32 , January 2023, , Pages 153-97

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.67202.1381

Abstract

One of the major sources of human knowledge that plays an important role in the survival and health of societies is the knowledge of governance and public administration. The policy-making ... Read More

Investigating the Role of modern Media in Changing the Attitudes of Citizens of Tehran towards the Disabled

Hamideh Khaleghi Mohammadi; Afsaneh Mozaffari; Nassim Majidi Ghahroodi

Volume 8, Issue 32 , January 2023, , Pages 236-209

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2020.47479.847

Abstract

One of the sectors of society that, due to their lack of physical health, is always faced with many disabilities, whether in the use of public services or citizenship or active participation ... Read More

.Investigating the facilitators and deterrents for sharing travel experiences on social networks

Mostafa Mohammadi; shokoufeh asadi

Volume 8, Issue 32 , January 2023, , Pages 324-301

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2021.57563.1107

Abstract

Social networks have provided a convenient platform for communication between users due to their ease of use and they have infiltrated people's social life with great speed. The purpose ... Read More

Political Marketing in Elections: Moving From Traditional Media Agenda-Setting to Modern Case Study: The 2015 and 2017 British General Elections

Sam Mohammadpour; Younes Shokrkhah

Volume 8, Issue 31 , October 2022, , Pages 76-47

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.58419.1133

Abstract

In its fifties, the application of agenda-setting theory has become much more widespread than in the past, and today it can be divided into two main branches: traditional and modern. ... Read More

Sociological Explanation of the Use of Social Networks (under Study: The Teacher Students of Farhangian University of Ilam)

sadolah ezati; zabiholah sadafi

Volume 8, Issue 31 , October 2022, , Pages 173-141

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.29576.418

Abstract

Using social networks has become a social problem in our country. The present study titled "Sociological Explanation of the use of Social Networking among students of the Farhangian ... Read More

The Relationship Between the Use of Social Networks and Teachers' Preferred Teaching Styles with the Mediating Role of Their Learning Styles

Sadegh Hamedinasab; Hamideh Pakmehr; Ali Asgari

Volume 8, Issue 30 , September 2022, , Pages 126-107

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.65775.1344

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of social networks and students' preferred teaching styles of teachers with the mediating role of their ... Read More

Volume 11 (2025)

Volume 10 (2024)

Volume 9 (2023)

Volume 8 (2022)

Volume 7 (2021)

Volume 6 (2020)

Volume 5 (2019)

Volume 4 (2018)

Volume 3 (2017)

Volume 2 (2016)

Volume 1 (2015)

Keywords = social networks

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