New Media Studies - Articles List

Compiling an educational package on behavior management in cyberspace and its effectiveness on mental health and academic self-regulation

Farideh Ebrihimi; Esmaeil sadipour; Bita Nasrolahi; Hasan Asadzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 December 2025

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.86481.1854

Abstract

با گسترش سریع فناوری‌های دیجیتال و افزایش دسترسی به اینترنت، فضای مجازی به بخش جدایی‌ناپذیری از زندگی ... Read More با گسترش سریع فناوری‌های دیجیتال و افزایش دسترسی به اینترنت، فضای مجازی به بخش جدایی‌ناپذیری از زندگی روزمرۀ دانش‌آموزان تبدیل شده است. این فضا، اگرچه فرصت‌های بی‌شماری برای یادگیری، ارتباطات اجتماعی و رشد فردی فراهم می‌کند، اما چالش‌های روانی و رفتاری متعددی را نیز به همراه دارد. تحقیقات اخیر نشان می‌دهند که استفاده نامناسب و بیش از حد از فضای مجازی می‌تواند تأثیرات منفی قابل‌توجهی بر سلامت روانی و خودتنظیمی تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان داشته باشد. این تأثیرات منفی به ویژه در دوران نوجوانی، که مرحله‌ای حساس از رشد روانی و اجتماعی است، می‌تواند پیامدهای بلندمدتی بر سلامت روان و موفقیت تحصیلی افراد داشته باشد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تدوین بسته آموزشی مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی و اثربخشی آن بر سلامت روانی و خودتنظیمی تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دختر متوسطه شهر تهران بود. در مرحله اول، بسته آموزشی با استفاده از روش کتابخانه‌ای و تحلیل محتوای متون علمی تدوین گردید. سپس با بهره‌گیری از نظرات متخصصان روان‌شناسی، روان‌شناسی تربیتی و مدیریت رسانه، روایی محتوایی آن از طریق شاخص نسبت روایی محتوایی (CVR) بررسی شد و نتایج نشان داد که تمامی سرفصل‌ها و محتوای تدوین‌شده، روایی کافی را دارا بوده و از نظر علمی و کاربردی، موردتأیید متخصصان قرار گرفت. در مرحله دوم، با استفاده از طرح پژوهشی آزمایشی (پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل) و تحلیل واریانس اندازه‌گیری مکرر، اثربخشی بسته آموزشی در متغیرهای پژوهش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که: سلامت روان دانش‌آموزانی که آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی را دریافت کرده‌اند، نسبت به گروه کنترل، به طور معناداری بهبود یافته است. به نظر می‌رسد مکانیسم‌های اثرگذاری آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی بر سلامت روان دانش‌آموزان از طرق ذیل باشد: 1- تقویت مهارت‌های خودمراقبتی و خودتنظیمی: آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی به دانش‌آموزان کمک می‌کند تا مهارت‌های خودمراقبتی و خودتنظیمی را تقویت کنند .این مهارت‌ها شامل توانایی کنترل استفاده از فضای مجازی، تنظیم هیجانات، و پیشگیری از رفتارهای پرخطر آنلاین می‌شود. پژوهش‌ها نشان داده‌اند که آموزش این مهارت‌ها می‌تواند به بهبود سلامت روانی، اجتماعی و جسمانی دانش‌آموزان منجر شود. 2-کاهش اضطراب، افسردگی و استرس از طریق مداخلات دیجیتال: مداخلات دیجیتال مبتنی بر آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی می‌توانند به کاهش اضطراب، افسردگی و استرس در دانش‌آموزان کمک کنند. مطالعات نشان داده‌اند که این مداخلات با ارائه راهکارهای مقابله‌ای و افزایش آگاهی فردی، به بهبود سلامت روانی دانش‌آموزان منجر می‌شوند. 3-بهبود انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی و کاهش اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی: آموزش مهارت‌های تنظیم هیجان در قالب مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی می‌تواند به بهبود انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی و کاهش اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان منجر شود. این آموزش‌ها به دانش‌آموزان کمک می‌کنند تا با چالش‌های تحصیلی بهتر مقابله کنند و عملکرد تحصیلی خود را بهبود بخشند . 4-نقش معلمان در ایجاد محیط حمایتی و امن: معلمان نقش مهمی در مدیریت هوشمندانه فضای مجازی و حمایت از سلامت روان دانش‌آموزان دارند. با آموزش استفاده مسئولانه از فضای مجازی، ایجاد فضای امن در محیط‌های آموزشی و همکاری با والدین، معلمان می‌توانند به بهبود سلامت روانی و ارتقاء توانمندی‌های دانش‌آموزان کمک کنند. 5- کاهش پرخاشگری و افزایش تفکر خلاق: استفاده مناسب از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی می‌تواند به کاهش پرخاشگری و افزایش تفکر خلاق در دانش‌آموزان منجر شود. آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی به دانش‌آموزان کمک می‌کند تا از این فضا به‌طور مثبت استفاده کنند و مهارت‌های اجتماعی خود را تقویت نمایند. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی می‌تواند تأثیرات مثبتی بر سلامت روان دانش‌آموزان داشته باشد، به‌ویژه زمانی که این آموزش‌ها به‌صورت هدفمند و با مشارکت معلمان و والدین ارائه شوند. بااین‌حال، استفاده نادرست و بی‌رویه از فضای مجازی می‌تواند منجر به مشکلات روان‌شناختی جدی شود. بنابراین، طراحی و اجرای برنامه‌های آموزشی مناسب و مدیریت هوشمندانه فضای مجازی برای حفظ و ارتقاء سلامت روان دانش‌آموزان ضروری است. همچنین خودتنظیمی تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان گروه آزمایش در مقایسه با گروه کنترل به طور معناداری افزایش یافته است. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که با توجه به نقش شبکه‌های اجتماعی در افزایش استرس، اضطراب و حواس‌پرتی دانش‌آموزان، آموزش مدیریت صحیح رفتار در فضای مجازی برای ارتقای سلامت روان آنها ضروری است. ضمن آنکه ارتقای مهارت‌های برنامه‌ریزی، مدیریت زمان و کنترل عوامل مزاحم دیجیتال، موجب بهبود خودتنظیمی تحصیلی می‌شود. به نظر می‌رسد مکانیسم‌های اثرگذاری آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی بر سلامت روان دانش‌آموزان از طرق ذیل باشد: افزایش آگاهی دانش‌آموزان درباره زمان‌بندی و اولویت‌بندی: آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی به دانش‌آموزان کمک می‌کند تا زمان استفاده از اینترنت و شبکه‌های اجتماعی را کنترل کنند و در نتیجه زمان بیشتری برای مطالعه و فعالیت‌های تحصیلی اختصاص دهند. این آگاهی منجر به بهبود برنامه‌ریزی و خودتنظیمی در روند تحصیل می‌شود. 2-کاهش حواس‌پرتی و تمرکز بهتر در محیط آموزشی: مدیریت رفتارهای مجازی باعث می‌شود دانش‌آموزان کمتر دچار حواس‌پرتی ناشی از پیام‌ها و محتوای غیرضروری شوند. کاهش این عوامل مزاحم، امکان تمرکز بیشتر بر روی تکالیف و درس‌ها را فراهم می‌آورد . 3-تقویت مهارت‌های خودکنترلی: از طریق آموزش مدیریت رفتار، دانش‌آموزان یاد می‌گیرند چگونه در مقابل وسوسه‌های استفاده مکرر از فضای مجازی مقاومت کنند که این موضوع با افزایش مهارت‌های خودکنترلی ارتباط مستقیم دارد و خودتنظیمی تحصیلی را بهبود می‌بخشد . 4-افزایش خودآگاهی نسبت به تاثیر فضای مجازی بر عملکرد تحصیلی: آموزش مدیریت رفتار باعث می‌شود دانش‌آموزان درک بهتری از اثرات منفی استفاده بیش از حد از فضای مجازی روی یادگیری و تمرکز پیدا کنند و انگیزه بیشتری برای کنترل رفتار خود داشته باشند. 5- ایجاد عادات مثبت و کاهش رفتارهای مخرب: این آموزش‌ها باعث شکل‌گیری عادات مثبت مثل برنامه‌ریزی مطالعه، استفاده محدود و هدفمند از فضای مجازی، و پرهیز از فعالیت‌های اضافی و بی‌هدف می‌شود که همه اینها پایه‌های اصلی خودتنظیمی تحصیلی هستند. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که آموزش مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی، با فراهم آوردن بستر مناسب برای ارتقای مهارت‌های خودتنظیمی، نقش مهمی در بهبود عملکرد تحصیلی و موفقیت دانش‌آموزان دارد. توصیه می‌شود مدارس و نهادهای آموزشی در راستای ارتقای کیفیت یادگیری و پیشرفت تحصیلی، به طراحی و اجرای چنین برنامه‌های آموزشی بپردازند تا از تأثیر مثبت آن بر خودتنظیمی تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان بهره‌مند شوند. اگرچه بسته آموزشی مدیریت رفتار در فضای مجازی روی هر دو متغیر وابسته اثرگذار بوده است، بااین‌حال، اندازه اثر محاسبه شده نشان داد که بیشترین تأثیر بر خودتنظیمی تحصیلی و بعد سلامت روان بوده است.

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Identification of the motives of self-displaying users by means of hijab in the Instagram space – a case study of hijab stylists and homemaking bloggers.

Mohsen Masoudian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2026.83703.1799

Abstract

Introduction and Background: This paper explores the complex and emerging phenomenon of using hijab as a tool for self-expression and identity display on Instagram. While the hijab ... Read More Introduction and Background: This paper explores the complex and emerging phenomenon of using hijab as a tool for self-expression and identity display on Instagram. While the hijab traditionally symbolizes modesty, chastity, and religious commitment in Islamic tradition, in the virtual space, particularly on Instagram, it has transformed into a means of attracting attention, self-promotion, marketing, and even competition. This research investigates and identifies the hidden and apparent motivations of women who use the hijab for these purposes as hijab stylists and stay-at-home bloggers. By examining this apparent contradiction, the paper seeks a deeper understanding of the motivations, challenges, and consequences of this phenomenon in the digital space. Main Issue: The core issue of this research is the contradiction between the traditional concept of hijab as a symbol of modesty and shyness and its modern use as a tool for self-display and attention-seeking on social media. This paper seeks to understand why some women, especially hijab stylists and stay-at-home bloggers, use the hijab as a visual element to attract audiences, promote products and services, and create a personal brand. In other words, this research explores what motivates women to use hijab as a tool for self-expression and earning income, while this covering is often associated with concepts such as lack of self-display and seclusion in religious tradition. Research Methodology: This research employed a qualitative methodology and semi-structured interviews to collect data. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with 25 active Instagram users identified as hijab stylists and stay-at-home bloggers. The interviews were conducted in-depth and in compliance with ethical principles to gain a better understanding of the participants’ motivations, experiences, and viewpoints. Additionally, researchers established a relationship with the participants for at least six months before conducting the interviews to create a safe and friendly environment. The data were analyzed using content analysis to extract the main patterns and themes. Key Findings: The present research identified various motivations behind women using hijab for self-presentation on Instagram, which broadly include: Economic Motivations: Many female participants in the study use Instagram as a marketing tool to generate income. They have achieved financial independence through the virtual space by advertising hijab stylist services, promoting products, and earning advertising revenue. Attracting Attention and Visibility: Another motivation is the need to be seen and attract audience attention. For this purpose, women use hijab as a visual element to attract attention and increase followers by creating attractive and diverse content. Creating and Managing a Digital Identity: Many participants see Instagram as a platform for self-expression and creating a unique digital identity. They try to create differentiation and attract audiences with similar tastes by using hijab and unique clothing styles. Social Confirmation and Increased Self-Confidence: For many participants in this research, receiving likes, positive comments, and positive feedback from the audience acts as a factor in enhancing self-confidence. This social confirmation motivates them to continue their activity in the virtual space. Competition and Differentiation: The women participating in this study are aware of the intense competition that exists on Instagram. For this reason, they are constantly trying to outperform their competitors and attract more audiences by providing innovative and unique content. Cultural and Religious Tensions: Participants in this research face tensions between traditional religious values and modernity. By using hijab as a tool for self-promotion, they are actually offering a redefinition of the concept of hijab. Discussion and Analysis: This research shows that the use of hijab on Instagram is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that cannot be attributed to a single factor. Rather, economic, social, psychological, and cultural motivations play a role in this phenomenon. Furthermore, the results of the research show that the virtual space, especially Instagram, is a platform that can play an important role in redefining religious and cultural concepts. However, this phenomenon can also create tensions and challenges in traditional and religious societies. Conclusion: Ultimately, this research demonstrates that using hijab as a means of self-presentation on Instagram is a complex and multi-layered phenomenon rooted in various motivations. Understanding this phenomenon requires attention to economic, social, cultural, and psychological factors. By presenting its findings, this research can help cultural and religious policymakers, the media, and other stakeholders to have a better understanding of the phenomenon of self-display with hijab in the virtual space and adopt appropriate strategies for its management. This study also emphasizes the importance of further investigation into the impact of social media on the religious and cultural identity of women in different societies.

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The Lived Experiences of Social Media Use Among Girls from the 2000s Generation

fahimeh zare; mohammad taghi karami

Volume 11, Issue 41 , April 2025, , Pages 40-1

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.62282.1251

Abstract

The rapid advancement of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has fundamentally transformed various aspects of human life, especially in the realm of social interactions. ... Read More The rapid advancement of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has fundamentally transformed various aspects of human life, especially in the realm of social interactions. Among these technological innovations, virtual social networks have emerged as one of the most influential platforms, offering diverse services and extensive opportunities for communication. These networks have not only redefined the nature of human connections by transcending the limitations of time and space but have also enabled users to interact anonymously, thereby liberating them from constraints such as gender, class, race, and ethnicity. This phenomenon has garnered significant attention from scholars across disciplines, particularly in the context of youth and adolescents, who are among the most active users of these platforms. In Iran, the generation born in the 2000s—often referred to as "digital natives" or the "network generation"—represents a unique cohort that has grown up immersed in digital technologies. For these individuals, social media is not merely a tool for entertainment or information but a fundamental component of their daily lives and identity formation. Despite the increasing prevalence of social media use among Iranian adolescents, there is a notable gap in sociological research focusing specifically on the lived experiences of girls from this generation within the context of virtual social networks. Most existing studies have adopted psychological perspectives or quantitative approaches, often overlooking the nuanced, subjective experiences and agency of these young users. Main Research Question This study seeks to address the following central research question: How do girls born in the 2000s in Qom experience and interpret their participation in virtual social networks? The research aims to explore the motivations, perceived benefits, challenges, and broader social implications of social media engagement for this demographic, with a particular emphasis on understanding their sense of agency, identity, and social influence within the digital sphere. Methodology To achieve a deep and nuanced understanding of the phenomenon, this research adopts a qualitative methodology, specifically employing thematic analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 girls born in the 2000s and residing in the city of Qom, Iran. Participants were selected using purposive sampling to ensure a diverse representation of backgrounds and experiences. The interviews focused on participants' motivations for joining social networks, their patterns of use, the nature of their online interactions, and the perceived impact of social media on their personal and social lives. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and subjected to rigorous coding and thematic analysis. The analysis process involved identifying recurring patterns, categorizing themes, and synthesizing the findings to construct a comprehensive narrative of the participants' lived experiences. Findings The thematic analysis revealed that the lived experience of girls born in the 2000s in Qom with respect to social media participation can be primarily understood through the overarching theme of "social influence." This central theme encapsulates the various ways in which these girls navigate, negotiate, and assert their presence within virtual social networks. The analysis further identified six main categories of motivations and experiences, all of which contribute to the broader theme of "living freely" in the digital age: Entertainment and Recreation: Social media platforms serve as key sources of entertainment and leisure. Participants reported using these networks to unwind, access humor, music, and videos, and participate in online games and challenges. This aspect of use is closely tied to their desire for relaxation and escapism from daily routines. Educational Purposes: Many participants highlighted the educational benefits of social media, such as accessing academic resources, joining study groups, and seeking help with schoolwork. These platforms are perceived as valuable tools for self-directed learning and skill development, often supplementing formal education. Social Interaction and Communication: Social networks facilitate communication with peers, family, and even strangers. The ability to maintain and expand social connections, especially in a culturally conservative context like Qom, was seen as empowering. Participants valued the opportunity to express themselves, share experiences, and receive social support. Access to Information: The immediacy and breadth of information available on social media were frequently mentioned. Participants used these platforms to stay informed about current events, trends, and issues relevant to their interests and identities. This access was described as both liberating and essential for personal growth. Psychological Needs Fulfillment: Social media engagement was found to satisfy various psychological needs, including the need for belonging, validation, and self-expression. The platforms provide a space where participants can construct and experiment with their identities, receive feedback, and build self-confidence. Preservation of Individuality: Despite the collective nature of social networks, participants emphasized the importance of maintaining individuality. They described strategies for curating their online personas, setting boundaries, and selectively sharing personal information to retain a sense of autonomy and control. Collectively, these categories illustrate a complex interplay between agency and structure, wherein girls actively shape their online experiences while simultaneously being influenced by the affordances and constraints of digital technologies. Discussion The findings underscore the transformative impact of social media on the lives of adolescent girls in Iran. The study reveals that virtual social networks function as both arenas for empowerment and sites of negotiation, where traditional norms and modern values intersect. The participants' experiences reflect a broader trend of digital emancipation, characterized by increased autonomy, access to information, and opportunities for self-expression. Notably, the study highlights the dual nature of social media: while it offers unprecedented freedom and connectivity, it also presents challenges related to privacy, online harassment, and the pressure to conform to digital norms. The girls' strategies for navigating these challenges—such as selective disclosure and identity management—demonstrate a high degree of digital literacy and adaptability. Conclusion This research contributes to the growing body of literature on youth and digital media by providing an in-depth sociological analysis of the lived experiences of Iranian girls born in the 2000s. The study's qualitative approach offers rich insights into the motivations, practices, and meanings associated with social media use among this demographic. The findings suggest that social media is not merely a passive medium but an active site of identity construction, agency, and social influence. For girls in Qom, participation in virtual social networks represents both a means of "living freely" and a platform for negotiating the complexities of modern Iranian society. Given the centrality of digital technologies in shaping the future of Iranian youth, the study underscores the importance of understanding their digital lifeworlds. Such understanding can inform policymakers, educators, and cultural planners in developing strategies that support the positive development of young people while addressing the risks and challenges of the digital age. Keywords: Girls Born in the 2000s, Social Networks, Virtual Space, Lived Experience, Network Generation.

Sexual Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Cyberspace and the Accelerating Role of Filtering Policy

maedeh movaghari; Hossein Aghababaei

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, , Pages 68-69

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.82282.1765

Abstract

The influence of media on individuals, a pivotal factor, has witnessed heightened prominence in the age of new media, particularly in the digital realm. Children and teenagers, especially ... Read More The influence of media on individuals, a pivotal factor, has witnessed heightened prominence in the age of new media, particularly in the digital realm. Children and teenagers, especially active in online spaces, are significantly shaped by media, underscoring their potential vulnerability to its impact. The advantages and educational benefits offered by new media and cyberspace to children and adolescents come with a considerable risk of victimization — ranging from general safety concerns to the specific threat of sexual victimization. As a preventative measure, the policy of content restriction (filtering) has been implemented to reduce these risks. The crucial research question lies in the role of cyberspace and the policy of content restriction in relation to the sexual victimization of children. The findings reveal a significant relationship between the media and sexual victimization, underscoring the facilitative and instrumental role of the media. While the filtering policy aims to counter or reduce the negative effects of media, the research highlights how it has paradoxically exacerbated sexual victimization of children and adolescents due to technical inefficiencies, misleading data exchange paths, neutralizing techniques, and the emergence of VPNs. Extended Abstract:The expanding reach of new media has become an integral aspect of life for both children and teenagers, offering a wealth of opportunities for learning, recreation, and communication. Alongside these advantages, new media also presents significant risks, with the most substantial danger being sexual victimization. The objective of filtering policies is to shield this demographic from inappropriate content and sexual dangers and threats, but these policies exhibit a dual role. This research investigates whether filtering policies have achieved their intended goals or inadvertently intensified the susceptibility of children and adolescents to sexual victimization online. This study aims to critically assess the effectiveness of current filtering policies and offer alternative solutions. Ultimately, the primary objective is to meticulously explore how seemingly conservative measures may actually intensify the very issues they were designed to address, specifically in this case, the increased vulnerability of children and adolescents to various forms of cybercrime. To delve into the matter at hand, a descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted, wherein scientific texts and articles related to the topic have been scrutinized, focusing on the examination of qualitative data pertaining to the sexual victimization of children and adolescents in the digital realm, as well as the role played by the filtering policy.IntroductionMedia possesses a fundamental influence on shaping individuals’ thoughts and behaviors, and with the emergence and expanding presence of new media, especially in terms of vast data and information exchange through the internet and cyberspace, the role of media has become increasingly significant and encompassing. Young children and adolescents, as primary users of media, particularly those who are active in virtual spaces, are naturally susceptible to the influence of the media. While new media and cyberspace offer a wide range of benefits and valuable educational experiences to children and teenagers, the specter of general victimization and in particular, sexual victimization, casts a dark shadow over these digital highways. Cyberspace, with its unique features, has unfortunately evolved into a platform for a plethora of sexual offenses against children and adolescents. This risk spectrum encompasses serious offenses like sexual abuse, the sharing of pornographic content, creating fake user profiles, and receiving and exploiting intimate images. This is particularly concerning for children and adolescents since they are more exposed to these dangers due to the extensive use of cyberspace. To address these risks, policies aimed at restricting access have been implemented. However, this approach has actually led to an increase in VPN usage, which has not only failed to reduce victimization but has also heightened the risk of sexual victimization.Materials and MethodsThe current research employs a descriptive-analytical approach. Initially, through a review of relevant texts and scientific articles, this work examines the subject of sexual victimization of children and adolescents online. Subsequently, data sources are selected, and qualitative materials are obtained and analyzed. Its objective is to detect patterns, trends, and factors associated with sexual victimization of children and adolescents online. Furthermore, the study scrutinizes the role of policies designed to restrict access in this context.Discussion and ResultsThe conclusions of this research indicate that while cyberspace undoubtedly offers benefits, it also poses significant risks to children and adolescents, necessitating preventive and educational measures. Despite the noble intentions behind current filtering policies, it has been demonstrated that they have not been effective in reducing the rate of sexual victimization of children and adolescents. Conversely, restrictions on access often prompt individuals to turn to other websites or platforms, which may not be subject to regulation or monitoring. Consequently, these individuals become exposed to even greater risks. The prevalence of VPNs and proxy servers has made it considerably easier to bypass filters and access prohibited content. This fact underscores the necessity of a comprehensive strategy, as merely relying on filtering mechanisms alone is insufficient to effectively address this critical issue. It has also been observed that many children and even adults are not adequately informed about the risks associated with cyberspace and how to adequately protect themselves. Consequently, uninformed users become easy prey for abusers, despite the presence of filtering measures. This research highlights the complex interplay between social networks and various negative consequences, such as social isolation, sexual abuse, and relationships with the opposite sex. It is noted that simply relying on filtering solutions is not sufficient; rather, it is crucial to promote proper education and awareness about the use of virtual networks and media literacy. Crucially, this study also accentuates the accelerating and instrumental role of filtering policies in increasing the vulnerability of children to sexual victimization. This implies that current policies, instead of providing protection, have in fact amplified the risk.ConclusionsThe broad-scale blocking of popular platforms has eroded public trust in policymakers’ decisions, paradoxically leading to increased usage of VPNs, thereby facilitating access to harmful materials. Moreover, excessive filtering not only increases the risk of exposure to inappropriate content but also renders it more difficult to provide accurate and reliable information on sexual matters. In essence, this approach creates a paradox wherein the intended goal of protecting children through filtering measures ultimately results in the opposite outcome. This leads to a situation where individuals turn to unofficial and potentially unreliable sources, thereby reinforcing misconceptions and false beliefs. Contrary to its intended purpose, filtering does not prevent but instead exacerbates cases of sexual victimization among children and adolescents, as it provides both access to inappropriate content and removes valuable education. Therefore, in order to effectively address and reduce sexual victimization among these vulnerable individuals, it is imperative to proactively develop targeted and effective plans. A holistic and multifaceted approach that empowers users and families, coupled with increased media literacy, can be effective in mitigating the risks of this phenomenon. This approach includes educating children, teenagers, and their families on the perils of cyberspace, equipping them with methods and skills to protect themselves. Additionally, comprehensive educational programs should be implemented in schools and families, ensuring that children and adolescents are well-informed about the risks associated with cyberspace and equipped to safeguard themselves against these perils.

Analysis of the Meaning of Women’s Entrepreneurship in Cyberspace (Case Study: Instagram)

Soghra Ashouri; Zahra Mirhosseini

Volume 10, Issue 38 , November 2024, , Pages 296-261

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.79843.1709

Abstract

AbstractThis qualitative research focused on exploring the meaning of entrepreneurship and analyzing how women entrepreneurs operate within the context of the Instagram social network. ... Read More AbstractThis qualitative research focused on exploring the meaning of entrepreneurship and analyzing how women entrepreneurs operate within the context of the Instagram social network. To achieve this, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 women entrepreneurs, each possessing an active Instagram presence. The collected data underwent thematic analysis, revealing three overarching themes: "(1) Instagram and the presentation of women's skills," "(2) Instagram online shops conducive to women’s multifold roles," and "(3) Instagram as a novel platform for women's expressive societal engagement." Along with the three overarching themes, seven organized themes were recognized: "Instagram shop," "customer-centric approach," "rapid business expansion," "work-life balance," "simultaneous progress and presence," "occupation suitability with feminine character,” and “prospects for women's personal development and creativity.” The findings of this study revealed that the virtual space, particularly Instagram, has established a secure, dynamic, and adaptable intellectual and action-oriented environment for women entrepreneurs to exert a socio-economic impact. Through this platform, women entrepreneurs can effectively attract and connect with customers while shaping their viewpoints and behaviors.IntroductionOver the course of recent decades, women’s role and participation in economic spheres have seen a significant expansion and diversification. This diversity can be attributed to a host of factors: advancements in technology, the acknowledgement of women's rights for independent socio-economic activities, and the complex challenges arising from their multiple roles within the family, personal, economic, social, and cultural realms. Entrepreneurship is a vital factor in increasing employment and, in turn, a nation's Gross National Product (GNP). This can lead to reduced imports, increased exports, and economic growth. Given these realities, if women are offered opportunities and conditions to participate in entrepreneurial endeavors, they can assume a substantial role in a country's economic progression. Within this framework, the cyberspace, encompassing platforms like Instagram, provides an enabling environment for women's entrepreneurial ventures. It seems that women have, to some extent, leveraging novel platforms such as cyberspace and international and domestic social media, managed to establish a competitive and inventive space for women-owned businesses that operate as online stores. This research seeks to explore and analyze women's entrepreneurship in cyberspace, with a specific focus on Instagram. The significance of this study lies in its potential to shed light on the entrepreneurial experiences of women operating online shops on Instagram. Furthermore, it can aid policymakers in crafting comprehensive and effective policies concerning women and the digital realm, with a particular emphasis on women's entrepreneurship.MethodologyThe primary objective of this research is to undertake a sociological analysis of female university graduates' entrepreneurial activities on Instagram and understand the process through which these entrepreneurial actions emerge and operate on this platform. As such, a qualitative approach and thematic analysis through conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews are considered necessary for this study. The study's population encompasses female university graduates aged between 20 and 50, holding degrees ranging from associates to doctorates. All interviewees have less than 10 years of entrepreneurial experience and fall into the micro or medium category, either being self-employed or employing less than 20 individuals. The inclusion criterion stipulates that each participant has an active Instagram page for their entrepreneurial venture. The interviewed sample demonstrates a notable diversity in various aspects. For instance, this diversity encompasses differing levels of entrepreneurial experience, the relationship between the participants' field of study and their entrepreneurial venture, variations in terms of their business registration status, and distinctions between micro and medium-level businesses. To address the challenge of accessing individuals possessing specific characteristics, a snowball sampling method was utilized to select our interviewees. According to this method, one or more participants who fulfill the research criteria are asked to refer the researcher to others who share similar traits. A total of 14 individuals were interviewed, and theoretical saturation was reached after the 12th interview. To ensure reliability, two additional interviews were conducted, ultimately resulting in a total of 14 participants for this study.Results:Based on the analysis of the data collected through the interviews, the research yielded a series of findings that include 45 basic themes, 7 organizing themes, and 3 overarching themes. Below is a tabular representation of the findings: Basic themeOrganizing ThemeOverarching ThemeOfficially starting work by creating an Instagram page, finding entrepreneurs through Instagram pages, attracting the attention of economic institutions and news agencies to entrepreneurial activities, production networking, sales networking, marketplace creation networkingInstagram StoreInstagram and the presentation of women’s abilitiesGenerating ideas through direct messages, learning advertising from Instagram, learning to create sales content from Instagram, providing consulting to others to start a businessCustomer-CentricExcitement from creating, the joy of seeing the final result, the joy of seeing customer satisfaction, the joy of attracting customers and capturing their attention, flexible work, the blossoming of talents, the desire for innovative ideas, the desire for beauty and beautification, earning money and ensuring a happy time for oneselfRapid GrowthInstagram online shops suitable for women’s multiple rolesHousework and economic activity simultaneously, economic activity while raising children, the emergence and development of children’s talents, family members’ voluntary and joyful participation in entrepreneurshipWork-life balanceInterest in social activities, desire to impact society, not being indifferent to the economy of women, striving to influence the cultural society, striving to be useful in societyMoving Forward and in the MomentInstagram as a new platform for women’s active social actionLack of understanding of women’s conditions and identity roles in administrative jobs, striving to prove one’s abilities in administrative centers, the monotony of administrative work, unwillingness to do monotonous work, desire for a change in job, desire to balance multiple roles, desire to regain identityOpportunity for Women’s Growth and CreativityJob security, financial independence, skill development, recovery of personal-social-family identityJob Suitability with Feminine PersonalityConclusionAn examination of the research findings uncovers that female entrepreneurs on Instagram not only prioritize offering superior service to their customers but also express a concern for promoting healthy and value-based living. Moreover, these entrepreneurs do not shy away from imparting their profession to customers who wish to learn, thereby sharing their knowledge to foster the emergence of new entrepreneurial endeavors. This research highlights several vital characteristics of Instagram, as identified by the interviewees, that contribute to the value and advantages of Instagram-based businesses: (1) swiftness in communication, learning, and product delivery; (2) decreased time and capital demands for promoting and introducing the created product; (3) the lasting impact and establishment of entrepreneurship as a trusted reference; and (4) a secure environment for women to conduct significant economic and social activities, all while staying true to their feminine identities.

Identification and Strategic Analysis of Effective Factors on Improving the Governance of Cyberspace in the Islamic Republic of Iran

alireza ghorbani; Mahdi Hamzehpour; ali asghar kia

Volume 9, Issue 36 , December 2023, , Pages 43-1

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.74593.1594

Abstract

The governance of cyberspace in the Islamic Republic of Iran is faced with numerous challenges, leading to governance in this field being significantly far from the ideal point. The ... Read More The governance of cyberspace in the Islamic Republic of Iran is faced with numerous challenges, leading to governance in this field being significantly far from the ideal point. The aim of this research is to identify the major factors affecting the improvement of the governance of cyberspace in the Islamic Republic of Iran, prioritize them, and provide strategic recommendations for each of them. In the first step, through semi-structured interviews with 11 experts and then analyzing their content, the components and factors affecting the improvement of cyberspace governance performance were identified. These components encompass the following elements: (1) the fundamental theory and governance model of cyberspace, (2) institutional structure, (3) laws and regulations, (4) macro policies and strategies, (5) the manner of interaction between governance and countries, institutions, and international companies, (6) the manner of interaction between governance and the private sector, (7) the manner of interaction between governance and individuals and non-governmental organizations, (8) the manner of interaction between governance and scientific and research institutions, (9) Officials and agents of cyberspace governance system, (10) Corruption, conflict. In the second step of the research, the importance-performance analysis (IPA) method was employed to assess the components of cyberspace governance identified in the first step. A questionnaire was distributed to 21 experts and specialists in the field of cyberspace governance to gather their insights on the relative importance and performance of each component. After data analysis, using the four-quadrant IPA matrix and the "normalized characteristic weight" table, the priority of each of the eleven components (such as the fundamental theory and governance model of cyberspace, institutional structure, laws and regulations, etc.) was determined. Additionally, strategic recommendations were provided for each of the eleven components to guide their improvement and effective governance.After analysis using the IPA method, the following prioritization of factors is proposed:The method of governance interaction with the private sectorFundamental theory and model of cyberspace governanceThe method of governance interaction with the public and public institutionsInstitutional structureThe method of governance interaction with countries, international institutions, and companiesThe method of governance interaction with academic and research institutionsCorruption, conflict of interest, and monopolyPolicies and grand strategiesOfficials and agents of the cyberspace governance systemLaws and regulationsEnemy infiltrationBased on the positioning of the above factors in each of the four quadrants of the IPA matrix, the following strategic recommendations are suggested: Strategy for the First Quadrant (keeping up the good work):The institutional structure component is positioned in the first quadrant, indicating that its importance is high based on experts' opinions. Regarding its performance, it lies near the border area between the first and fourth quadrants. As a result, the relative performance value of this component lies in the borderline range, meaning that there is room for improvement in its implementation and effectiveness. Component 4, represented by "Policies and grand strategies," has a high relative importance, as it falls in the first quadrant. Additionally, its relative performance value is also high, indicating its current effectiveness in governance of cyberspace. Therefore, this component is considered to need less improvement compared to the other factors. This implies that the policies and grand strategies in place are mostly sound, but there is room for further refinement to enhance the overall effectiveness of the governance of cyberspace. Strategy for the Second Quadrant (waste of resources):Component 11, representing "Enemy infiltration," is situated in the second quadrant, indicating that it has low relative importance, yet its relative performance value is high. This scenario may suggest that the resources devoted to mitigate this factor are potentially excessive or disproportionate to its actual significance. Consequently, it is recommended that this factor be removed from the agenda in order to allocate resources more efficiently and focus on factors that possess higher importance values. Components 3 (Laws and regulations) and 9 (Officials and agents of the cyberspace governance system) are situated in the second quadrant and adjacent to the third, suggesting that their relative importance values are relatively low, yet their relative performance values are moderately high. This indicates that investment in either area may be unnecessary or excessive. It is recommended that a reassessment of the resources allocated to these components be conducted to ensure efficient use of resources and prioritization of factors with higher importance values. Strategy for the Third Quadrant (indifference):Components 5 (The method of governance interaction with countries, international institutions, and companies) and 10 (Corruption, conflict of interest, and monopoly) are positioned in the third quadrant, indicating that they have low relative importance values and low relative performance values. This suggests that there is no need to take action on them, as their impact on the governance of cyberspace is minimal. Instead, resources and efforts can be allocated to factors that have higher importance and significance. Strategy for the Fourth Quadrant (improvement and investment priorities):Components 1 (Fundamental theory and model of cyberspace governance), 6 (The method of governance interaction with the private sector), 7 (The method of governance interaction with the public and public institutions), and 8 (The method of governance interaction with academic and research institutions) are situated in the fourth quadrant, indicating their high relative importance and low relative performance values. Given this, it is recommended that these components be prioritized for improvement and investment, as they represent areas where significant improvement is necessary to enhance the overall governance of cyberspace. Upon examining the components in the fourth quadrant, it is notable that Component 8 lies on the border of the four quadrants, indicating a lower priority compared to the other three components in the fourth quadrant. Furthermore, Components 1 and 7 are situated near the first quadrant, suggesting their relative priority is slightly lower than that of Component 6.

Identify the components of media policy impact from cyberspace paradigm data

Ebrahim Ahrari; zahra Kharrazi Mohammadvandi Azar; Nasim Majidi ghahroodi

Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2023, , Pages 361-323

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.55307.1050

Abstract

Due to the dysfunction of mainstream media in Iran after the advent of cyberspace, this article raises the question of whether a new paradigm has emerged in the field of media that ... Read More Due to the dysfunction of mainstream media in Iran after the advent of cyberspace, this article raises the question of whether a new paradigm has emerged in the field of media that has changed the requirements of media policy and planning? The premise of this study is that with the advent of cyberspace, a new paradigm has emerged in media policy-making that has affected all media, but instrumentalism is a veil to see. Information and communication technology is the new infrastructure of human society. This infrastructure does not only have a technological aspect, but its paradigmatic aspect is more obvious, and it has caused the effects that the society has received from the new media technology to not only have technical dimensions, but these effects are more extensive in terms of biological philosophy. The experience of recent years shows that most of the strategic plans of institutions and organizations in charge of media policy in Iran, especially in the field of virtual space, have failed in practice. The unsuccessful plan to replace the native platforms of social networks instead of foreign platforms is a clear example of this. The main cause of this failure is a purely technological view of the issue and neglect of the paradigm that governs and drives these media. Therefore, the necessity of this review lies in the importance of understanding the philosophy of virtual space technology. Before proceeding to import the technology, the country importing the technology should determine the paradigm context within which this technology was created. What issues are you trying to solve with it? What are the changes it creates in the heart of the society? What aspects of technology can be accepted and adapted, and how much can it be controlled and modified, and how much does it create conflict in society? The main question that this article pursues is that "virtual space has brought about paradigm changes in media planning and policy-making, and what are the effects of the new space on "media production" and "media distribution"? In this research, three library methods, phenomenology and thematic analysis were used, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 active media experts in the two fields of mass communication and virtual space, who were selected by snowball sampling. Among the theories that can guide the topic of discussion are the theories of "network society" by Manuel Castells, "participatory-democratic media" by McQuail, "alternative media" by Downing, and the theory of "the end of the social thing" from Alan Thorne that have been taken into consideration. In the findings of the research, by extracting 64 themes of the paradigm governing the virtual space, it was shown how the communication space has faced the new media grammar. The principles of the new media grammar are "overcoming the right-oriented over the task-oriented, going through the maximalist and absolutist media, multi-source media and de-publicizing the news, minimizing the media structure with the aim of agility and increasing the range and ending the domination of pyramid-shaped structures, changing the approaches of message management, the content and demand for change and response". The results of the research tell us that virtual space is the result of the accumulation and historical continuity of the biological paradigm of the reformation and its intellectual branches, especially human-centered. According to the results of this research, although virtual space and social networks cannot be considered a "paradigm case" and a complete model of communication technology, in many dimensions, media policy and planning are changing from one paradigm to another. In response to the research questions, cyberspace phenomenology has changed the fields of media "production" and "distribution" and media policy and planning in many dimensions by reproducing the biological paradigm of the reformation. The paradigmatic data governing the virtual space creates the awareness that this technology has a heavy philosophical obstacle and is the result of the accumulation and historical continuity of the biological paradigm of the Reformation and the resulting intellectual branches such as existentialism, humanism, secularism, liberalism and human rights ideas. and postmodern critics. The school ruling the virtual space can be defined as the "Social Democratic Existentialist" identity combination; a technology based on "equality, freedom and human-centeredness". This technology is supposed to create a human being who is not a prisoner of any historical, political, social and religious determinism and does not have a predetermined nature. The pluralism ruling the virtual space should not create the impression that the weight of ideology has been reduced in favor of technology. The human-centered idea that forms the basis of Western technology is a return to the humanistic thought of Protagoras who believed that "man is the measure of everything" and this idea was developed by "William Acham" and "Martin Luther" in the 14th and 16th centuries. It was reread and interpreted as "everyone is his own spiritual person" and its media expression in the virtual space can be projected as "everyone has his own media".

The Razor's Edge of the News Malfunction in Cyberspace: The Narrative of the Yazdian Youth about the Spread of Rumors in Cyberspace

SeyedHesam Gheblezade; SeyedAlireza Afshani; Hossein Eslami

Volume 8, Issue 32 , January 2023, , Pages 450-419

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.57213.1096

Abstract

Rumor and its impact on human social life have always been important. In recent years, with the expansion of cyberspace, the conditions for spreading rumors have been facilitated. This ... Read More

Effects of Lifestyle Influenced by Cyberspace on Academic Engagement of High School Students

hasan momeni; Marjan Albehbahani

Volume 8, Issue 31 , October 2022, , Pages 362-333

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.47482.846

Abstract

The desirable and harmful effects of cyberspace on different aspects of life especially education and schooling have always been a subject of debate. Thus, the main purpose of the study ... Read More

Goals and motives for republishing social violence in cyberspace

Alireza Hosseini Pakdehi; mahya baharyan

Volume 8, Issue 29 , April 2022, , Pages 237-199

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.58509.1139

Abstract

New communication technologies with the potential to create change in social communication, has become the most important element of social change in the modern age. Social media has ... Read More

Analysis of trends and drivers affecting future social networks

Sayed Javad Sharif Shaykh al-Islami; Farhad Nazarizadeh; Ahmad gaeini

Volume 7, Issue 27 , November 2021, , Pages 399-359

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2021.54542.1027

Abstract

One of the most important issues for policymakers in the field of media is the future of the media. If policymakers and decision-makers in this field do not gain knowledge about the ... Read More

Solutions for convergence between IRIB and cyberspace in content production

peyman bagherpoor; hossein mousavi; sayed ali mohammad azarbakhsh

Volume 7, Issue 25 , March 2021, , Pages 392-359

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2021.48146.867

Abstract

AbstractThe integration and integration of traditional media and the developments and changes of new technologies and media have led to media convergence. Convergence has certainly ... Read More

Searching Iran in Twitter: New technologies and the voice of Iranian diaspora

Zahra Majdizadeا; Hamideh Molaei

Volume 6, Issue 24 , January 2021, , Pages 134-99

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2021.44857.786

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the voice of Iranian Diaspora in Cyberspace. In particular it seeks to explore their concerns regarding their home country, Iran and to explore their ... Read More

Identify the Factors Affecting Intellectual Property Rights in Cyberspace

Mojdeh Mahrokhmoghadam; Nasim Majidi ghahroodi; Afsaneh Mozaffari

Volume 6, Issue 23 , October 2020, , Pages 259-284

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2021.44138.772

Abstract

AbstractAlong with the development of the societies and its scientific and cultural progress, some of the non-material manifestations, including the rights of individuals, to their ... Read More

Identifying the Dimensions of Social Life of Citizens Affected by Cyberspace (A mixed study)

maryam pourjamshidi; akbar momeni rad; Afshin Afzali

Volume 6, Issue 21 , April 2020, , Pages 179-211

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2020.45484.805

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions of social life of citizens and their impact on cyberspace in Hamadan province. The method of the present study is a mixed-type ... Read More

The role of mobile-based media on the formation of collective wisdom

ashraf karimi rahjerdi; Abdolali ghavam; raha kharazi azar; ali geranmayepour

Volume 5, Issue 17 , June 2019, , Pages 1-34

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2019.35186.575

Abstract

This research examines the role of mobile-based media in shaping collective wisdom. In this qualitative study, using content analysis approach, the statistical community of university ... Read More

The Model of influencing on public-opinion in Cyberspace with the help of Gamification Capabilities

kianoosh karimi; Jalal Ghafari Ghadir

Volume 5, Issue 17 , June 2019, , Pages 137-172

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2019.31042.448

Abstract

Aim: With the advent of new media and the rise of public literacy, public opinion and persuasion have become more important. According Saroukhani, Persuasion is the final aim of any ... Read More

Consequences of Iranians virtual life

mahdokht borojerdi; seyed hassan ilali

Volume 4, Issue 16 , January 2018, , Pages 75-110

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2019.33142.508

Abstract

Abstract Social networks are an important factor for social changes and appropriate tool for culture making. Virtual communication facilitates the political, social, and cultural relations ... Read More

Media Literacy Education in Cyberspace A case study of Canadian website “Media Smarts” and Iranian website “Media Literacy”

Alireza Hoseyni Pakdehi; Hosnieh Al-sadat Shobeyri

Volume 3, Issue 9 , May 2017, , Pages 31-76

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2017.9241.25

Abstract

In different countries, media literacy education methods and success rates differ. For example, Canada, with its profound history in media literacy education, is the most successful ... Read More

Knowledge-Sharing Behavior Model of Iranian Professionals in Cyberspace

Ali Entezari; Maghsoud Amiri; Najmeh Sadat Mortaji

Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2016, , Pages 168-206

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2017.7008

Abstract

This paper attempts to study the knowledge-sharing behaviors of Iranian professionals in cyberspace. To this end, semi-structured interviews, Delphi method and an online questionnaire ... Read More

Cyberspace and the Empowerment of Women in Iran

Mehdi Montazerghaem; Mona Sha’ban Kasegar

Volume 1, Issue 3 , October 2015, , Pages 43-76

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2015.4593

Abstract

The present study is a research on the capabilities of women in the cyberspace. Regardless of the limitations of the real world, cyberspace can empower women participation and individual ... Read More

Conflicting Approaches About the Development of the Public Sphere in the Cyberspace

Mohammad Amin Ghane’irad; Ali Janadleh

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2015, , Pages 29-68

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2015.4500

Abstract

The development of the Internet as a modern communication technology has raised new, important and different issues regarding the relation between this technology and the public sphere. ... Read More

Volume 11 (2025)

Volume 10 (2024)

Volume 9 (2023)

Volume 8 (2022)

Volume 7 (2021)

Volume 6 (2020)

Volume 5 (2019)

Volume 4 (2018)

Volume 3 (2017)

Volume 2 (2016)

Volume 1 (2015)

Keywords = Cyberspace

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