New Media Studies - Articles List

Crisis Journalism and the Crisis of Journalism in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Fake News Published on the Telegram Channel of the IRNA News Agency

abbas asadi; rayehe ramezani; saman khodayari; shadi khodayari

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, , Pages 200-159

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.71411.1499

Abstract

The rising popularity of various messengers and new media serves as a potent platform for spreading disinformation, particularly so in times of epidemics. Given the vast use of social ... Read More The rising popularity of various messengers and new media serves as a potent platform for spreading disinformation, particularly so in times of epidemics. Given the vast use of social media and online messaging channels by the public, regardless of their media literacy levels, it is crucial to identify and manage such cases. Crisis communication, in essence, involves the empowerment of individuals in society when confronting threats, ultimately paving the way for liberation from communal life. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the most significant health-related crisis humanity has faced, leading to immense challenges in daily life. With respect to the dissemination of fake news during this unprecedented time of crisis, the primary goal of this research is to shed light on the hidden themes found within the fake news published on the Telegram messaging platform. The study conducted a detailed examination of the phenomenon known as "infodemic" through an in-depth analysis of the Telegram channel of the Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (IRNA) using a qualitative research methodology. The thematic analysis approach was employed to reveal six main themes: the announcement of the end of the corona epidemic, promotion of traditional medicine, discussion of the side effects of vaccination, reports on the alleged coronavirus infection among celebrities and public figures, the consumption of food items claimed to destroy the virus, and the economic aspects associated with the pandemic. The overarching theme entitled "Corona prevention, infection and end" also emerged as a dominantExtended Abstract:IntroductionThe concept of crisis has constantly been interpreted and defined differently among scholars and thinkers, resulting in a lack of a unified and consistent definition to date. Despite the absence of consensus on a single definition, various interpretations have been presented based on diverse perspectives, illustrating the complexity and subjectivity involved in defining the term. The lack of consensus on the concept of crisis can be attributed to its multi-dimensional nature. A combination of psychological, socio-political, and structural-technological factors plays a key role in comprehending the concept and managing crises. Moreover, the media often wields significant influence in crisis situations, whether positively or negatively. When a crisis occurs, media outlets prioritize the development of strategies and guidelines to manage them effectively. During these critical times, the primary focus should shift from debating the causes of the issue and pointing out inadequacies in management. Instead, the emphasis should be on sharing accurate information and working towards resolution or mitigation. Individuals experience profound psychological impacts during a crisis, and it becomes crucial to prioritize fostering hope, focusing on resolving the issues at hand, and offering help to officials. Furthermore, as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded in Iran, the media emerged as a significant platform for raising numerous questions. A significant question in the context of the COVID-19 crisis centers on the role of media outlets in responding to it. In addressing this concern, a critical examination is being undertaken, particularly with respect to the phenomenon of fake news dissemination. Consequently, the news published in the Telegram Channel of the Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (IRNA) has been selected for analysis and scrutiny. Evidently, the approach taken by each country's media in addressing both natural and man-made crises represents a crucial aspect of crisis management.Research MethodTo delve deeper into this topic, the current study employs a qualitative methodology enriched by a thematic analysis approach. Qualitative research methods have found extensive application in diverse areas, including learning, teaching, research, and scientific endeavors. More specifically, the adopted approach involves thematic analysis, a method used to analyze qualitative data and falls under the cluster of methods aimed at extracting semantic patterns from the data. In essence, this analysis process involves identifying recurrent patterns or themes embedded within the core of qualitative data. Thematic analysis, based on analytical induction, involves classifying and categorizing data to unveil patterns and meanings within (and beyond) the data itself. Alternatively, this method can be defined as the act of coding and scrutinizing data to fully comprehend the inherent insights it conveys. This form of analysis focuses on identifying patterns within the data, and once a pattern is identified, evidence must be provided to support the pattern’s existence. In essence, themes emerge organically from the data. In the context of this research, the dominant themes found in fake news published on the Telegram channel of the Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (IRNA) have been examined.For this purpose, fake news that was presented as genuine and published on this messaging platform has been collected and analyzed from the onset of the coronavirus outbreak in Iran, specifically from February 19, 2020, to February 19, 2022. In order to understand the themes, the researcher first needs to identify what aspects to look for in the data. At the end of the file, a brief description is composed for each theme. The text is then reviewed once more to identify any themes that the researcher may have overlooked and to reassess the related descriptions. The final section outlines the primary themes derived from the analysis. This explanation, accompanied by selected examples, clarifies the reasoning behind the theme identification. In the following phase, related concepts are grouped together for categorization, and descriptive codes are condensed. In the third phase, an attempt is made to identify the overarching themes.ConclusionsCrisis journalism has been affected by simplification due to the multifaceted nature of crises and the difficulty in establishing effective communication. Additionally, crisis journalists tend to focus more on natural crises, partly due to a lack of theoretical understanding and insufficient technique, especially when it comes to social and human crises. In this regard, formulating and explaining theories and empirical approaches, as well as producing and strengthening specialized literature for crisis journalism, considering the necessity of distinguishing and differentiating between similar concepts such as risk communication and crisis communication, is crucial. This can enrich both empirical fields and academic domains. The present study examines the phenomenon of infodemic. The research identifies six main themes, including announcements regarding the end of the COVID-19 epidemic, the dissemination of traditional medicine, vaccine side effects, the infection of celebrities and public figures with COVID-19, claims about COVID-19 destroying food, and economic issues related to COVID-19. According to the conceptual review of the research, fake news presents misinformation and cannot be relied upon. The connection of such news with the health and lives of individuals raises several dangers. For instance, consuming a particular food item by a person infected with the virus can result in their death. In Iran, some advocates of traditional medicine also succumbed to the disease. In summary, the overall theme of the research titled "Prevention, Infection, and End of COVID-19" has been identified. To put it another way, the fake news examined in this study adheres to the central theme of prevention, infection, and end of COVID-19, which is the news that draws the most attention from the public and audiences.

The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Social Movements; Study of Iranian Protest Movements (2009-2019)

Bahman Rabeie nia; Hussein  Harsij

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, , Pages 286-243

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.67717.1387

Abstract

The widespread use of virtual social networks has brought substantial changes in lifestyle, habits, and social relationships, and the dynamics of communication between people and governments. ... Read More The widespread use of virtual social networks has brought substantial changes in lifestyle, habits, and social relationships, and the dynamics of communication between people and governments. Social movements, as a way to bring forth demands and communicate between people and governments, are significantly influenced by these shifts. This study investigates the mobilization of social networks in social movements in Iran between 2009 and 2019. Over the last two decades, we've witnessed a new face of social movements on a global scale, with the mobilization function of social networks playing a pivotal role in these developments. This study employs a descriptive-analytic approach and relies on library sources, documents, and secondary data for information gathering. The findings underscore the pivotal role of social networks in facilitating the mobilization of resources for social movements, with a significant and central impact. The examination of major incidents within the mentioned time period reveals that, regardless of the factors underpinning social movements, their success hinges on access to appropriate social networks. A lack of such contact leads to limitations on the ability to mobilize supporters and, over time, causes these movements to deteriorate and weaken. Extended Abstract: Introduction The extensive utilization of virtual social networks has introduced significant transformations in lifestyle, social habits, and the dynamics of communication between people and authorities. As a channel for conveying demands and facilitating interactions, social movements have seen profound impacts due to these changes. Over the last two decades, the way that the mobilization functions of social networks have been used has shown a new facet of social movements around the world. This work scrutinizes the impact of virtual social networks on social movements in Iran during the period from 2009 to 2019. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, leveraging sources from libraries, documents, and secondary data for data collection. The findings of this investigation highlight the central and substantial role of social networks in facilitating resource mobilization for social movements during the indicated time period. The examination of major events during the stated timeframe reveals that, irrespective of the foundational factors behind social movements, the management or restriction of access to social networks severely hampers the ability to mobilize supporters, leading to the subsequent erosion and weakening of these movements as time passes. Materials and Methods This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on resources from the library, archives, and secondary data sources. The study concentrates on three significant protest movements in Iran encompassing the period from 2009 to 2019, namely the protests following the 2009 elections, the 2017 December protests, and the 2019 November protests. The research examines the role of social networks in mobilizing and organizing these movements, focusing on platforms such as Twitter, Telegram, Facebook, and Instagram. In light of the importance of available resources and effective actors, the study also assesses the framework of resource mobilization theory, which emphasizes the pivotal role of resources and competent actors in influencing the success of social movements. Discussion and Results The research reveals that social networks have significantly contributed to mobilizing and organizing social movements in Iran. During the 2009 election protests, platforms like Twitter and Facebook played instrumental roles in disseminating information, organizing protests, and garnering international attention. The Green Movement, as this movement came to be recognized, heavily relied on social media to coordinate activities and share real-time updates, despite attempts by the government to restrict access to these platforms. The December 2017 protests were primarily organized and disseminated through the platform Telegram. Initially ignited by economic grievances, the movement rapidly evolved into larger scale anti-government demonstrations. Telegram's encrypted messaging system enabled participants to exchange information securely, making it difficult for authorities to monitor and suppress the movement. However, the government's decision to block Telegram significantly curtailed the momentum of the protests. The November 2019 protests, triggered by a sudden surge in fuel prices, witnessed Instagram and Twitter playing a more significant part. Initially sparked as economic protests, the situation quickly escalated into violent confrontations with security forces. Social media platforms became a powerful tool for organizing protests, disseminating videos of police brutality, and rallying international support. Despite this, the government's decision to shut down the internet for multiple days acted as a significant hindrance, showcasing the dual role of social media as both a channel for mobilization and a target for government control. Conclusions Our study underscores the crucial role of social networks in mobilizing and organizing movements in Iran. These platforms facilitate communication, information exchange, and coordination across distances, overcoming traditional barriers to collective action. Despite the evident benefits, the government's capacity to control or completely shut down such channels highlights the vulnerabilities and limitations faced by activists, suggesting that social media alone is insufficient to sustain a movement. The findings indicate that social networks can significantly boost the spread of protests, yet their effectiveness hinges on the government's ability to regulate access and manipulate information flow. Further research is needed to explore the long-term consequences of internet shutdowns and other forms of digital repression in Iran and beyond.

Pathology of the Role of Telegram on Students' Isolation and Disorder in Social Interactions; a Case Study: High School Students in Tehran

manochehr shah baba; gholamreza latifi; mohammadreza rasouli

Volume 9, Issue 36 , December 2023, , Pages 106-71

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.71475.1513

Abstract

The growing prominence of virtual space, combined with the widespread use of tools like Telegram, has brought about significant changes in how citizens, particularly students, interact ... Read More The growing prominence of virtual space, combined with the widespread use of tools like Telegram, has brought about significant changes in how citizens, particularly students, interact with each other. The primary objective of this research is to study the consequences of Telegram's role in creating social isolation and disrupting students' social interactions. The study was conducted on a sample of high school students in Tehran City in 2017-1398, numbering 384 people, and employed a descriptive-correlation research method. Data collection was performed using both library and field research methods, with the use of a questionnaire to gather data. The results indicate that the use of Telegram has a significant effect on social isolation among students in Tehran, and there is a strong positive relationship between the two factors. This occurs due to insufficient management of the Telegram platform, as well as a lack of proper cultural awareness in using the application. IntroductionIntroduction:Indeed, the rise of cyberspace and the usage of communication tools such as Telegram has brought about numerous changes for people in terms of lifestyle and interaction. It is particularly relevant for teenagers and young people, and its significance in the development of society cannot be overstated. In recent times, a significant amount of focus has been placed on communication, social networks, internet spaces, and communication technologies. However, it is crucial to address the severe damages associated with this phenomenon. It's essential to acknowledge that many personal and social harms are concealed in cyberspace. Social isolation is one of these major issues. Social isolation refers to a lack of social connection to society, wherein an individual holds little to no faith in the valuation mechanism and socialreward system. This often leads to the agreement with everything deemed valid and valuable according to societal standards. Young people hold great significance in every society, and they are considered its foundation. All efforts of a society are directed towards investing in and nurturing this valuable group. Therefore, it is our collective responsibility to safeguard these national values and prevent factors that might endanger or harm them. To this end, we must strive to protect and care for them while promoting their well-being and progress. It is crucial to recognize that students are one of the most vulnerable segments of society in this domain. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of Telegram in the social isolation and disruptions in social interactions among students.Method:The research method employed in this descriptive study is correlation, and by utilizing calculated correlation coefficients, the researchers have constructed a structural model. The statistical population of the study consists of all high school students in Tehran for the academic year 2017-2018. Based on the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 individuals. In this study, Spearman's statistics and Lisrel's structural equations are applied to calculate the frequency percentage, density percentage, and establish relationships and test hypotheses. A questionnaire serves as the primary tool used to gather data in this research. Three distinct questionnaires, designed for the topics of social network pathology and disorders in interaction and isolation, were utilized. The questionnaire for pathology in social networks is founded on the researcher's model, containing 26 questions that focus on the four prominent areas of social network harms, namely: 1. Social-communicative harms; 2. Behavioral-individual harms; 3. Economic harms; 4. Cultural harms. The interaction disorder questionnaire was constructed by the researcher, which includes the following primary components: 1. Social trust disorder in interpersonal communication and communities; 2. Social cohesion disorder; 3. Coordination disorder; 4. Participation disorder in social and communication activities.And finally, the questionnaire for social isolation, devised by the researcher, encompasses seven essential aspects, including: 1. Feeling lonely; 2. Feeling powerless or helpless; 3. Feeling despair or meaninglessness; 4. Reducing social tolerance; 5. Feeling abnormal; 6. Experiencing social isolation; 7. Feeling alienated. The study utilizes two methods for data collection: library and field research methods. Findings:The outcomes of the research demonstrate that the detrimental aspects of social networks and the escalation of social isolation can significantly influence social interaction and social isolation among high school students in Tehran, with a special focus on the role of Telegram in this phenomenon. The research findings also indicate that the harmful facets of social networks and disruptions in social interactions, particularly in the context of Telegram's role in social interaction or isolation, can have a substantial influence on high school students in Tehran. Furthermore, the study found that a substantial correlation exists between students' isolation and disarray and their utilization of the Telegram social network. Conclusion:Based on the statistical data obtained from the research, the second subhypothesis titled "There exists a connection between the detrimental aspects of social networks and disruption in social interaction" holds the strongest correlation coefficient of (0.910). This implies a robust and substantial relationship between the mentioned factors. This revelation suggests that, amongst high school students in Tehran, the most significant harm that can be ascribed to social networks is social interaction disruption. In essence, the improper and uninformed utilization of social networks has contradictory outcomes compared to its surface appearance. This phenomenon leads people to be more detached from one another, limiting their communication to the realms of virtual space, where it lacks tangibility, is imperceptible, and remains invisible and manageable. This point highlights the adverse impact of social network use on interpersonal relationships due to the lack of recognition among individuals.As a result, the absence of verbal communication can lead to strained connections and failures in relationships. Furthermore, this communication deficiency can cause individuals to encounter challenges in social, organizational, and work settings, with a marked weakness in collective speech. The disruption of social interactions can result in the disruption of social etiquette and norms. Various aspects of communication, such as trust, shared conventions, and interactions, which emerge as a result of optimal communication and participation among members of society, can be compromised. This, in turn, can create social problems and undermine the harmonious functioning of the community. Social isolation will likely have numerous adverse effects across various domains, including cultural, economic, and more. The affected individual may withdraw from society and others, leading to the inability to fulfill their basic needs. Specifically, this can manifest in the form of a diminished sense of belonging to others, reduced acceptance by others, and a weakened sense of group membership. The findings strongly suggest that the usage of Telegram as a social network has a significant influence on the formation of social isolation among high school students in Tehran.

Factors affecting migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering

Marzieh Rahimi; Mahdi Mohammadi nasab

Volume 9, Issue 33 , May 2023, , Pages 222-175

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2022.64673.1312

Abstract

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram ... Read More AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering. This research is explorative applied research. For analyzing factors, the thematic analysis method was used. Then, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the relationship between these factors was identified by 15 experts. These factors were classified into 5 levels. The results show that three factors: WhatsApp doesn’t need a VPN, voice and video call capability, and WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices, are the most influential factors; and factors like a habit to use foreign messengers, presence of contacts on WhatsApp (popularity), absence of contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity), forming or migrating groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others, pressure of others to migrate to WhatsApp, negative WOM about domestic messengers and feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers are the most impressive factors.Keywords: Virtual social network, Social messenger, Domestic messenger, Interpretive structural modeling, WhatsApp, Telegram. Main Question:What are the factors affecting the migration of Iranian Telegram users to WhatsApp instead of migration to domestic messengers after filtering Telegram?Literature review:- Consumer behavior- Behavioral intention- Virtual social networks and social messengers- Disadvantages and damages of foreign messengers Research MethodologyStartResearch OverviewLeveling factorsIdentifying the affecting factors of the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filteringIdentifying the most important factorsThematic AnalysisScreeningWith expert’s viewsDesigning Questionnaire based on interpretive structural modeling standardInterviewTechnique ISMDetermining conceptual relationships between factorsFig. 1. Research steps.Findings:Table 2: The most important factors affecting the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering.NoFactorsSource1Adequate and prior knowledge of WhatsAppInterview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)2Lack of sufficient knowledge of domestic messengersInterview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)3Getting used to using foreign messengersInterview4WhatsApp antiquity and creditInterview5Presence of my contacts on WhatsApp(popularity)Interview, Zhang et al. (2017), Rabiee and Kermani (2015), Karimian et al. (2017)6Absence of my contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity)Interview7WhatsApp is internationalInterview8Absence of my contacts in Telegram due to VPN problemsInterview9Forming or transferring groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of othersInterview10Pressure and suggestion of others to migrate to WhatsAppInterview, Kazemi et al. (2015), Razeghi et al. (2017)11Advertise negative word of mouth about domestic messengersInterview12Easy and permanent access, ease of use, and high-speed WhatsAppInterview, Torino et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2019), Chang et al. (2015), Garcia Martin and Garcia Sanchez (2015), Singh et al. (2015), Kermani and Mozaffari (2018), Zamani and Taghipour (2017), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Hakim Ara et al. (2014), Akbari et al. (2014), Karimian et al. (2017), Rezaei et al. (2016), Heidari et al. (2016), Jafari et al. (2016), Ebrahimi and Ein Ali (2019), Forghani and Mohajeri (2018), Afshani et al. (2018)13Hardship use, low speed and delay, and bugs and technical defects in domestic messengersInterview14Difficult access, being time-consuming, low speed, costly, and Telegram inefficiency due to the use of VPN and its frequent disconnection and connectionInterview15High security of WhatsAppInterview16Feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers due to their non-encryption and hackingInterview17Lack of trust in domestic messengersInterview, Farzaneh and Falahati Shahab al-Dini (2015), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Heidari et al. (2016)18WhatsApp does not need a VPNInterview19I can do all of my work with WhatsAppInterview, Forghani and Mohajeri (2017)20Attractiveness (due to having a story option) and WhatsApp is beautiful and user-friendlyInterview, Singh et al. (2015), Rezaei et al. (2016)21The capability of voice and video call on WhatsAppInterview22WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices and no installation of domestic messengers on mobile phones with the IOS systemInterview, Zhang et al. (2017)23Domestic messengers are not beautiful and lack of enjoyment in themInterview24Some channels are not active in domestic messengersInterview25Imitation in domestic messengers from foreign messengers and lack of innovation in domestic messengersInterview LEVEL 1 3569101116 LEVEL 21419 LEVEL 3781724 LEVEL 4212131415202325 LEVEL 5182122Fig. 2. ISM research model. AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering. This research is explorative applied research. For analyzing factors, the thematic analysis method was used. Then, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the relationship between these factors was identified by 15 experts. These factors were classified into 5 levels. The results show that three factors: WhatsApp doesn’t need a VPN, voice and video call capability, and WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices, are the most influential factors; and factors like a habit to use foreign messengers, presence of contacts on WhatsApp (popularity), absence of contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity), forming or migrating groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others, pressure of others to migrate to WhatsApp, negative WOM about domestic messengers and feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers are the most impressive factors.Keywords: Virtual social network, Social messenger, Domestic messenger, Interpretive structural modeling, WhatsApp, Telegram. Main Question:What are the factors affecting the migration of Iranian Telegram users to WhatsApp instead of migration to domestic messengers after filtering Telegram?Literature review:- Consumer behavior- Behavioral intention- Virtual social networks and social messengers- Disadvantages and damages of foreign messengers Research MethodologyStartResearch OverviewLeveling factorsIdentifying the affecting factors of the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filteringIdentifying the most important factorsThematic AnalysisScreeningWith expert’s viewsDesigning Questionnaire based on interpretive structural modeling standardInterviewTechnique ISMDetermining conceptual relationships between factorsFig. 1. Research steps.Findings:Table 2: The most important factors affecting the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering.NoFactorsSource1Adequate and prior knowledge of WhatsAppInterview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)2Lack of sufficient knowledge of domestic messengersInterview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)3Getting used to using foreign messengersInterview4WhatsApp antiquity and creditInterview5Presence of my contacts on WhatsApp(popularity)Interview, Zhang et al. (2017), Rabiee and Kermani (2015), Karimian et al. (2017)6Absence of my contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity)Interview7WhatsApp is internationalInterview8Absence of my contacts in Telegram due to VPN problemsInterview9Forming or transferring groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of othersInterview10Pressure and suggestion of others to migrate to WhatsAppInterview, Kazemi et al. (2015), Razeghi et al. (2017)11Advertise negative word of mouth about domestic messengersInterview12Easy and permanent access, ease of use, and high-speed WhatsAppInterview, Torino et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2019), Chang et al. (2015), Garcia Martin and Garcia Sanchez (2015), Singh et al. (2015), Kermani and Mozaffari (2018), Zamani and Taghipour (2017), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Hakim Ara et al. (2014), Akbari et al. (2014), Karimian et al. (2017), Rezaei et al. (2016), Heidari et al. (2016), Jafari et al. (2016), Ebrahimi and Ein Ali (2019), Forghani and Mohajeri (2018), Afshani et al. (2018)13Hardship use, low speed and delay, and bugs and technical defects in domestic messengersInterview14Difficult access, being time-consuming, low speed, costly, and Telegram inefficiency due to the use of VPN and its frequent disconnection and connectionInterview15High security of WhatsAppInterview16Feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers due to their non-encryption and hackingInterview17Lack of trust in domestic messengersInterview, Farzaneh and Falahati Shahab al-Dini (2015), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Heidari et al. (2016)18WhatsApp does not need a VPNInterview19I can do all of my work with WhatsAppInterview, Forghani and Mohajeri (2017)20Attractiveness (due to having a story option) and WhatsApp is beautiful and user-friendlyInterview, Singh et al. (2015), Rezaei et al. (2016)21The capability of voice and video call on WhatsAppInterview22WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices and no installation of domestic messengers on mobile phones with the IOS systemInterview, Zhang et al. (2017)23Domestic messengers are not beautiful and lack of enjoyment in themInterview24Some channels are not active in domestic messengersInterview25Imitation in domestic messengers from foreign messengers and lack of innovation in domestic messengersInterview LEVEL 1 3569101116 LEVEL 21419 LEVEL 3781724 LEVEL 4212131415202325 LEVEL 5182122Fig. 2. ISM research model. AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the migration of Iranian messenger users of Telegram to WhatsApp instead of domestic messengers after the Telegram filtering. This research is explorative applied research. For analyzing factors, the thematic analysis method was used. Then, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the relationship between these factors was identified by 15 experts. These factors were classified into 5 levels. The results show that three factors: WhatsApp doesn’t need a VPN, voice and video call capability, and WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices, are the most influential factors; and factors like a habit to use foreign messengers, presence of contacts on WhatsApp (popularity), absence of contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity), forming or migrating groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of others, pressure of others to migrate to WhatsApp, negative WOM about domestic messengers and feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers are the most impressive factors.Keywords: Virtual social network, Social messenger, Domestic messenger, Interpretive structural modeling, WhatsApp, Telegram. Main Question:What are the factors affecting the migration of Iranian Telegram users to WhatsApp instead of migration to domestic messengers after filtering Telegram?Literature review:- Consumer behavior- Behavioral intention- Virtual social networks and social messengers- Disadvantages and damages of foreign messengers Research MethodologyStartResearch OverviewLeveling factorsIdentifying the affecting factors of the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filteringIdentifying the most important factorsThematic AnalysisScreeningWith expert’s viewsDesigning Questionnaire based on interpretive structural modeling standardInterviewTechnique ISMDetermining conceptual relationships between factorsFig. 1. Research steps.Findings:Table 2: The most important factors affecting the migration of Iranian users from Telegram to WhatsApp after the Telegram filtering.NoFactorsSource1Adequate and prior knowledge of WhatsAppInterview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)2Lack of sufficient knowledge of domestic messengersInterview, Akbari and Malekian (2016)3Getting used to using foreign messengersInterview4WhatsApp antiquity and creditInterview5Presence of my contacts on WhatsApp(popularity)Interview, Zhang et al. (2017), Rabiee and Kermani (2015), Karimian et al. (2017)6Absence of my contacts in domestic messengers (non-popularity)Interview7WhatsApp is internationalInterview8Absence of my contacts in Telegram due to VPN problemsInterview9Forming or transferring groups to WhatsApp and sending files through WhatsApp at the request of othersInterview10Pressure and suggestion of others to migrate to WhatsAppInterview, Kazemi et al. (2015), Razeghi et al. (2017)11Advertise negative word of mouth about domestic messengersInterview12Easy and permanent access, ease of use, and high-speed WhatsAppInterview, Torino et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2019), Chang et al. (2015), Garcia Martin and Garcia Sanchez (2015), Singh et al. (2015), Kermani and Mozaffari (2018), Zamani and Taghipour (2017), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Hakim Ara et al. (2014), Akbari et al. (2014), Karimian et al. (2017), Rezaei et al. (2016), Heidari et al. (2016), Jafari et al. (2016), Ebrahimi and Ein Ali (2019), Forghani and Mohajeri (2018), Afshani et al. (2018)13Hardship use, low speed and delay, and bugs and technical defects in domestic messengersInterview14Difficult access, being time-consuming, low speed, costly, and Telegram inefficiency due to the use of VPN and its frequent disconnection and connectionInterview15High security of WhatsAppInterview16Feeling of insecurity in domestic messengers due to their non-encryption and hackingInterview17Lack of trust in domestic messengersInterview, Farzaneh and Falahati Shahab al-Dini (2015), Akbari and Malekian (2016), Heidari et al. (2016)18WhatsApp does not need a VPNInterview19I can do all of my work with WhatsAppInterview, Forghani and Mohajeri (2017)20Attractiveness (due to having a story option) and WhatsApp is beautiful and user-friendlyInterview, Singh et al. (2015), Rezaei et al. (2016)21The capability of voice and video call on WhatsAppInterview22WhatsApp compatibility with all mobile devices and no installation of domestic messengers on mobile phones with the IOS systemInterview, Zhang et al. (2017)23Domestic messengers are not beautiful and lack of enjoyment in themInterview24Some channels are not active in domestic messengersInterview25Imitation in domestic messengers from foreign messengers and lack of innovation in domestic messengersInterview LEVEL 1 3569101116 LEVEL 21419 LEVEL 3781724 LEVEL 4212131415202325 LEVEL 5182122Fig. 2. ISM research model. Fig. 3. Driving Power and Dependence Power matrix. Fig. 3. Driving Power and Dependence Power matrix.

Qualitative Analysis of Factors Affecting Membership in Telegram Social Network (Study of married people aged 15-40 years in Boroujerd city)

karamolah javanmard; narges khoshkalam

Volume 6, Issue 24 , January 2021, , Pages 288-257

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2021.42751.745

Abstract

The Telegraph Social Network is the most user-friendly social network in Iran, which holds a large amount of content and content. The current qualitative research has been conducted ... Read More

The variability of the jokes of Persian telegram before and after the telegram filtering in Iran

mohammad ali talebi; khalil mirzaee; mohammad sadegh mahdavi

Volume 6, Issue 21 , April 2020, , Pages 213-246

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2020.37534.630

Abstract

The media along with modern technologies have been influential in the transformation of the cultural and social characteristics of a society. In this regard, humor and irony on general ... Read More

Relief or Weapon: The Cyber-Ethnography of Political Humor in Presidential Election in 2017

saeeid zokaei; Mohammad Javad Imani Khoshkhoo

Volume 5, Issue 20 , January 2020, , Pages 1-36

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2020.39016.661

Abstract

Regarding that political humor was one of most prevalent communicative themes during the presidential election in 2017, this research aims to answer this question that how political ... Read More

The study of public sphere and communicative action on Telegram: Applying Habermas' notions on Iranian journalists conversations

hadi khaniki; Hossein Kermani

Volume 5, Issue 19 , October 2019, , Pages 1-33

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2020.29762.422

Abstract

Alongside with the advent and proliferation of internet usage in societies, more debates on the potentials of internet in reviving or reshaping the public sphere or even creating a ... Read More

The impact of Customer Engagement with Social Media Groups on Image and Destination Selection

Zeinab Zamani; Manije Haghighi Nasab; Neda Zarandian

Volume 5, Issue 17 , June 2019, , Pages 265-295

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2019.27207.356

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of engagement in social media with the image and tourism destination selection, ultimately. For this aim, a conceptual model ... Read More

the role of “telegram” as a social network in advertising about the 12th presidential election Iran

seyed mohamad mahdizadeh taleshi; eghbal khaledian; mehrave ferdosi

Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 2017, , Pages 9-42

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2017.22793.247

Abstract

The main purpose which this article follows, is comparative studying on the role of “telegram” as a social network and broadcasting media “IRIB” in advertising ... Read More

Approach to the process of interaction between the mass media and new communication technologies; case study Representation the resistance economy in telegram channel and online website news agency close to dominant discourses

mohammad mahdi forghani; ramin shamsaeinia

Volume 3, Issue 10 , August 2017, , Pages 212-263

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2017.21482.210

Abstract

Research leading an effort to provide an approach to the process of interaction between the mass media and social networks in Production of news main stream and create Social movements ... Read More

The study of the relation between smart phone usage and digital divide in Tehran

Babak Rahimi; Hossein Kermani; Zohreh Alihoseini; Mohammadmahdi Meshkini

Volume 2, Issue 7 , November 2016, , Pages 86-118

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2017.14901.100

Abstract

Nowadays, many Iranians are using smart phones. Also, the digital divide problem remains an important issue in contemporary urban Iran. Thus, doing research into the relation between ... Read More

Social Media and Political Participation in Elections The relation between using Facebook, Telegram and Instagram and Political Participation of Students in Iran’s Parliamentary Elections in 2016

alireza abdolahinejad; Javad Sadeghi; Abuzar Ghasemi Nejhad

Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2016, , Pages 34-75

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2016.7004

Abstract

The current study examines the effects of the social media, Facebook, Instagram and Telegram on the political participation of the students of Allameh Tabataba’i University in ... Read More

Analysis of Communicative actions and Self-presentation in Telegram’s Groups

Seyedeh Zahra Ojagh; Seyed Rasoul Mirzaei Mousavi

Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2016, , Pages 75-100

https://doi.org/10.22054/cs.2016.7035

Abstract

The present survey has been done for studying member’s communicative actions in Telegram virtual teams due to the way of impression management by using self -face work. Haberma’s ... Read More

Volume 11 (2025)

Volume 10 (2024)

Volume 9 (2023)

Volume 8 (2022)

Volume 7 (2021)

Volume 6 (2020)

Volume 5 (2019)

Volume 4 (2018)

Volume 3 (2017)

Volume 2 (2016)

Volume 1 (2015)

Keywords = Telegram

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract