Bahman Rabeie nia; Hussein Harsij
Abstract
The universalization of the use of virtual social networks has caused important changes in lifestyles, habits and social relationships and the relationship between people and governments. Social movements, as one of the methods of conveying demands and communication between people and the government, ...
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The universalization of the use of virtual social networks has caused important changes in lifestyles, habits and social relationships and the relationship between people and governments. Social movements, as one of the methods of conveying demands and communication between people and the government, are strongly affected by these changes. In the last two decades, the mobilization function of social networks has shown a new face of social movements all over the world. The aim of the current research is to explain this effect in the social movements of Iran between 2018 and 2018. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and collected information using library sources, documents and secondary data. The findings of the research show that the use of social networks has played an effective and central role in facilitating the mobilization of resources for social movements. The major incidents investigated in the mentioned time period show that regardless of the reasons for the existence of social movements, with the control or lack of access to social networks, bringing the supporters of the movement to the stage is hindered, and with the passage of time, these protest movements suffer erosion and weakness.
Mohamadjavad Afsharsafavi; Golnar Shojaeibaghini; Mohamadreza Rostami
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to design a model of competitiveness of print media with social networks. This research is a mixed exploratory research in terms of development-applied purpose and in terms of research approach. First, through qualitative research method (grounded theory method), the required ...
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The purpose of this study is to design a model of competitiveness of print media with social networks. This research is a mixed exploratory research in terms of development-applied purpose and in terms of research approach. First, through qualitative research method (grounded theory method), the required information about developing a framework for competitiveness of written media with social networks was collected and its components and indicators were identified. In the qualitative stage, semi-structured interviews with subject experts were used to identify the concepts. The statistical population includes all experts of Khorasan newspaper in Mashhad. In this study, purposive sampling method (using experts in the field of media) was used to collect information and based on snowballs to access the required sample size. In the preliminary stage, 17 interviews were conducted in order to inform the experts. In a small part of the statistical population, including 2500 customers of Khorasan newspaper, it has an annual subscription. The sampling method was simple random that 333 people were selected as the sample according to Cochran's formula. A questionnaire was developed based on the components of the qualitative section. The method of data analysis in the quantitative part is the use of confirmatory factor analysis test and structural equations using LISREL software. The results showed that the seventy-five main categories in the form of six dimensions of the paradigm model in the form of causal conditions, the main category, ie efficient competitiveness for survival, strategy, Background, environmental intervention conditions and consequences were included.
Baharak Mahmoudi
Abstract
Virtual space as a new platform for communication between the present and the absent, and even the absent with the absent, has created opportunities to expand the field of criticism and opinion, which has elevated the communication needs of today's human beings and expanded the possibility of exposure ...
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Virtual space as a new platform for communication between the present and the absent, and even the absent with the absent, has created opportunities to expand the field of criticism and opinion, which has elevated the communication needs of today's human beings and expanded the possibility of exposure of the communication parties.
Among the common social networks in Iran today, Instagram is still very important; Because by focusing on photos or videos sent by users, which can be accompanied by explanations, it has become a medium that organizes a huge part of users' awareness and understanding of each other or the celebrities present in that space.
Before the emergence of virtual space and social networks, the relationship between teacher and student was subject to confrontations and difficult and inflexible ideas; In this way, except for the face-to-face and brief contact of the student with the teacher, who was far away from him in terms of knowledge and social status, there was no referenceable basis to complete the students' mental image of the teachers. Over time, with the rise and spread of social networks, this distant relationship turned into a closer and more visible relationship, during which the master exposed parts of his daily life and the objective aspects of his lifestyle to the public, and at its request, The students and other members of the virtual pages of these professors also find a rich and available opportunity to complete their information from them.
This is how it seems that the (active) presence of professors in social networks has provided users with a different and more attainable image than what was available before by revealing and clarifying their lives and mentalities; Transparency, which, although it can be the essence and logic of this space, will undoubtedly challenge the traditional and unattainable position of a professor.
What is intended in this research is to study how and classify the different forms of presence of university professors on Instagram and to understand the patterns through which they display aspects of their lives. Therefore, the question is, how do faculty members of Iranian universities in different disciplines portray "themselves" and their lives on Instagram?
Therefore, how is the position of professor implemented and how can different forms of professors' presence in this social network be classified? Also, by studying these pages and classifying them, is it possible to find a difference in the way faculty members implement their identity in different educational fields, including technical, experimental, and humanities, and describe this difference?
The purpose of writing this article is to study and classify different forms of presence of university professors on Instagram. A platform that allows its users, including university professors, to showcase themselves and their lives. Images that can challenge the authority and function of hierarchy existing in the relationship between professor and student and give it a different atmosphere. This study, which started with an exploratory approach in the first step, was completed with the digital ethnographic method.
Now the question is, how do the faculty members of Iranian universities in different fields depict "themselves" and their lives on Instagram? Therefore, how is the position of a professor implemented and how can different forms of professors' presence in this social network be classified? Another thing is, by studying these pages and classifying them, is it possible to understand the difference in the implementation of the identity of faculty members in different educational fields, including technical, experimental, and humanities, and describe this difference?
This is how it seems that the (active) presence of professors in social networks has given users a different and more attainable image than what was available before by revealing and clarifying their lives and mentalities. Transparency, which can be the essence and logic of this space, but will undoubtedly challenge the traditional and unattainable position of a professor.
After studying twenty user accounts in three fields of humanities, art and technical engineering, it was concluded that the presence of university professors on Instagram can be seen with four identities: academic, occasion, everyday and reactive. The data of this research shows that the mechanism of Instagram and the rules of presence in it, by removing the information veil between professors and their followers, leads to the normalization of the professor's identity and the disappearance of their traditional holy aura in this space.
Studies of cyberspace and social networks
somayeh shalchi; fatemeh norozi
Abstract
Virtual networks have become an integral part of human life, especially in the last decade. Thanks to the availability of smartphones at varying prices, people can now easily access all kinds of virtual networks that were once inaccessible before 2010. Instagram, a powerful social platform, has gained ...
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Virtual networks have become an integral part of human life, especially in the last decade. Thanks to the availability of smartphones at varying prices, people can now easily access all kinds of virtual networks that were once inaccessible before 2010. Instagram, a powerful social platform, has gained immense popularity among global users, particularly Iranians, as Iran is among the top ten countries in terms of Instagram usage. It is crucial to examine and understand the effects of this virtual network on people in different ways. As technology has made incredible progress in recent years, introducing new tools and features into people's lives every month, social researchers need to keep up-to-date research in this field. This research specifically focuses on Sweet Home bloggers, who are well-known among Iranian users, and their fans on Instagram. The aim is to understand the nature of their relationship. Firstly, we will explore how fans define the relationship between themselves and Sweet Home bloggers and identify the factors that influence their understanding of this relationship. Finally, we will investigate how the content produced by Sweet Home bloggers is perceived and understood by their fans. Qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with 21 active female audiences who consider themselves fans of one of the five Sweet Home bloggers on Instagram, were used in this research.
Through thematic analysis of the data obtained, we identified five main themes. The first theme focused on the level of awareness and understanding of the content on Sweet Home's pages. We found that there was sometimes a deep mistrust towards the content produced by the blogger. The second theme explored how the audience perceives themselves and the blogger with Sweet Home. We found that one group of fans completely identified themselves with the blogger, while another group did not relate to similar bloggers. In this study, we explore several themes related to blogging on Instagram. Firstly, we analyze how fans influence the content creation process of bloggers and how they have the power to direct the path of bloggers' home pages. Secondly, we examine the importance and impact of high-quality and colorful photos posted by bloggers, which can be a factor in retaining audience attention. Thirdly, we investigate the spread of pop culture specific to Instagram by Sweet Home bloggers, which creates a sense of belonging for their audience.
Throughout the study, we found that the current audience is very selective about the type of content they consume, and they have a two-way relationship with bloggers. They not only consume content but also demand and influence the type of content produced. We aimed to understand this unique relationship that has emerged from the virtual world of Instagram and to gain insights into the fans' perspectives.
Keywords: Instagram, sweet home blogger, daily blogger, blogger-follower relationship, social networks, Persian Instagram
Virtual networks have become an integral part of human life, especially in the last decade. Thanks to the availability of smartphones at varying prices, people can now easily access all kinds of virtual networks that were once inaccessible before 2010. Instagram, a powerful social platform, has gained immense popularity among global users, particularly Iranians, as Iran is among the top ten countries in terms of Instagram usage. It is crucial to examine and understand the effects of this virtual network on people in different ways. As technology has made incredible progress in recent years, introducing new tools and features into people's lives every month, social researchers need to keep up-to-date research in this field. This research specifically focuses on Sweet Home bloggers, who are well-known among Iranian users, and their fans on Instagram. The aim is to understand the nature of their relationship. Firstly, we will explore how fans define the relationship between themselves and Sweet Home bloggers and identify the factors that influence their understanding of this relationship. Finally, we will investigate how the content produced by Sweet Home bloggers is perceived and understood by their fans. Qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with 21 active female audiences who consider themselves fans of one of the five Sweet Home bloggers on Instagram, were used in this research.
Through thematic analysis of the data obtained, we identified five main themes. The first theme focused on the level of awareness and understanding of the content on Sweet Home's pages. We found that there was sometimes a deep mistrust towards the content produced by the blogger. The second theme explored how the audience perceives themselves and the blogger with Sweet Home. We found that one group of fans completely identified themselves with the blogger, while another group did not relate to similar bloggers. In this study, we explore several themes related to blogging on Instagram. Firstly, we analyze how fans influence the content creation process of bloggers and how they have the power to direct the path of bloggers' home pages. Secondly, we examine the importance and impact of high-quality and colorful photos posted by bloggers, which can be a factor in retaining audience attention. Thirdly, we investigate the spread of pop culture specific to Instagram by Sweet Home bloggers, which creates a sense of belonging for their audience.
Throughout the study, we found that the current audience is very selective about the type of content they consume, and they have a two-way relationship with bloggers. They not only consume content but also demand and influence the type of content produced. We aimed to understand this unique relationship that has emerged from the virtual world of Instagram and to gain insights into the fans' perspectives.
Haniyeh Naghdi; Faezeh Taghipour; Reza Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi
Abstract
1-IntroductionThe newly emerged concept of citizenship culture has gained considerable attention from researchers in the context of modern society, as it serves as a guide to sustainable human interactions. Throughout history, the concept of culture and citizenship has been intricately linked to one ...
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1-IntroductionThe newly emerged concept of citizenship culture has gained considerable attention from researchers in the context of modern society, as it serves as a guide to sustainable human interactions. Throughout history, the concept of culture and citizenship has been intricately linked to one another. In the past, this notion was primarily used in the legal domain and pertained to people's adherence to the law. However, over time, it has expanded in its significance, and currently, it holds a much broader meaning. The internet and social networks have become effective tools for the dissemination of cultural symbols, acting as a significant source of information and awareness across various domains, including culture. They play a pivotal role in driving cultural transformations and changes among people.The scope of the issue has broadened, and the importance of the matter has intensified with the widespread accessibility of smart mobile devices, allowing users to access social networks such as Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, Twitter, and others. The extensive use of these networks throughout the day and night by individuals has led to an increased focus on the creation, production, publication, and republishing of a wide range of information in various fields within these platforms. Given the increasing reliance on social networks in daily life, their impact on citizenship culture has become increasingly prominent. Ignoring this issue could lead to significant, and potentially irreversible, losses. Therefore, the importance of studying the benefits and drawbacks of these platforms is undeniable.The existing body of scholarly research has explored this topic from diverse angles, although a more detailed examination of the impact of social networks on citizenship culture appears to be lacking. Given the extensive usage of social networks by citizens and their influence on various aspects of life, there is a definite need for further study in this area. Therefore, the present report sets out to address the question of whether a model can be proposed to enhance the culture of citizenship by leveraging the power of social media, by investigating the role of social networks in shaping citizenship culture.2-LiteratureReviewMatani et al. (2019) conducted a study titled "Investigating the Use of Mass Media and Adherence to Citizenship Culture (Case Study: Citizens Over 18 Years Old in Ghaem Shahr City)" using the field method, survey method, and a questionnaire instrument. They concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between using mass media and the overall level of adherence to the citizenship culture and its dimensions, including social participation, publicism, responsibility, and a tendency to follow the law.Ghafarinasab et al. (2019), in a study titled "Sociological Explanation of Citizenship Culture (Case Study: Citizens 15 Years Above in Eqlid City)," assert that citizenship is a crucial indicator of development and progress in developing countries. One significant dimension of citizenship is the culture of citizenship. They highlight that the establishment and growth of citizenship can be viewed as a serious solution for resolving social challenges in developing nations. They utilize the theories of Marshall, Janoski, Faulks, and Turner to examine citizenship culture among citizens in Eqlid City. In addition, they employ the survey method and a questionnaire instrument to gather data. They also use a multi-stage cluster sampling technique to choose the sample. The results indicate that the citizenship culture among citizens is above average. The analysis of the hypothesis reveals that variables such as gender, marital status, the degree of religious commitment, social identity, the extent of media usage, and political awareness exhibit a prominent association with the culture of citizenship.Askarizadeh (2019) conducted a study titled “Identifying Social and Educational Factors Affecting the Promotion of Citizenship Culture in the Neighborhoods of Bandar Abbas City” with a descriptive survey-exploratory method, utilizing a random cluster sampling method. The sample size consisted of 458 individuals, and a questionnaire instrument was utilized in this survey. The findings highlight the significant impact of educational and socioeconomic factors on the promotion of citizenship culture. Among the social factors, awareness of citizenship rights, the rule of law and orderliness, collective interests, awareness of external and internal events, responsibility, publicism, use of cultural centers, and use of the media have been found to greatly influence citizenship culture, respectively.Among the educational factors, the legal infrastructure and bylaws, written and specific educational objectives, executive structures, the existence of diverse training courses, acceptance of change amongst citizens, awareness and competence of officials, innovative management and supportive managers, the capability of citizens, the attitude of officials, citizens' enthusiastic participation, incentives, communication between officials and citizens, technical infrastructure, and the presence of supporting human resources in setting up and supervision are all found to significantly impact the citizenship culture.3-MethodologyThe present study aimed to propose a model for promoting citizenship culture by leveraging social networks among citizens of Tehran. This is an applied study by objective, a cross-sectional study in terms of the data collection time, and a qualitative research design in terms of the procedure. A qualitative approach with a grounded theory approach was adopted, and the theoretical sampling method was utilized. The primary goal of conducting this study was to contribute to the promotion of the culture of citizenship, thereby enhancing the overall well-being of society.The statistical population of this research encompassed specialists and experts in social networks and citizenship culture (university professors, city managers, and so on) and reached saturation with no additional data being identified through conducting new interviews. The open, axial, and selective codes were extracted via analyzing the interviews. This study employed a grounded theory approach to identify the main codes and themes related to the culture of citizenship in social networks.The study, based on Corbin & Strauss's grounded theory model, examined the causal conditions (conditions leading to a change in an event), context, intervening conditions (barriers that may delay or prevent an event from occurring), action/interaction strategies (methods utilized to effect change), and consequences (outcomes or effects of the change process). Following this examination and identification process, the conditions for the promotion of citizenship culture were eventually specified, aligned with the established conceptual model.4-ConclusionAnalyzing and interpreting the statistical results indicate that social networks exert a positive and significant influence on the dimensions of citizenship culture, thereby upgrading the culture. However, it is essential to make several changes and transformations in Iran to ensure that there is effectiveness in promoting citizenship culture through social networks. Presently, the introduction of virtual social networks into the lives of citizens has been highly embraced in response to the diverse needs of individuals. These networks, in turn, have significantly influenced various aspects of existence. Undoubtedly, social networks have demonstrated ostensible and widespread effects on different areas of people's lives. Additionally, social networks play a vital role in enhancing and strengthening social interactions within the digital realm and have profound impacts on myriad facets of citizens' lives.
Sadegh Hamedinasab; Masoumeh Azizi; Rezvan Mohammadi
Abstract
The objective of this study was to ascertain insights into the experiences and perceptions of student teachers with regard to the use of social networks in learning content. The research method employed for this study was qualitative and phenomenological in nature, with the participant pool consisting ...
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The objective of this study was to ascertain insights into the experiences and perceptions of student teachers with regard to the use of social networks in learning content. The research method employed for this study was qualitative and phenomenological in nature, with the participant pool consisting of all student teachers pursuing the primary education specialty at Farhangian University of Birjand during the academic year 2021-2022. To gather insights for this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 15 student teachers (7 males and 8 females) through purposive sampling. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The collected data were then analyzed using the content analysis method. To ensure reliability, the agreement between coders method was used, while expert review was applied to validate the study findings. The study revealed that the content of student-teacher learning in social media encompasses a range of material, including university-related topics such as discipline-based, skill-based and English language content, as well as school-related content covering teaching methods, classroom management and fundamental courses. Additionally, general information such as news, medical information, and technological advancements fall within the scope of this learning content. Another significant finding from the study indicated that student teachers do not have a positive perception of the content shared on social networks, with concerns about its reliability and validity. This includes aspects such as disproportionately unbalanced content and the presence of incomplete information. In light of these findings, the study suggests that Farhangian University consider providing credible, organized, and appropriate content for each field of study on social media platforms. This will aid in the development of student-teacher professions and foster a positive attitude towards the content offered on these platforms. Extended Abstract:IntroductionThe rapid growth and wide reach of the internet have paved the way for increased interaction and information exchange between students and teachers. Education, being a complex process, is influenced by multiple factors, and the role of social networks in the learning process cannot be overstated. Through collaboration with other teachers, instructors can access valuable information beyond official educational programs. The objective of this study is to explore the learning content for student teachers on social networks, as well as their perception of the validity and credibility of the information and resources shared on these platforms.Materials and MethodsFor the current study, a qualitative phenomenological research approach was adopted. The target population consisted of all student teachers in the field of primary education at Farhangian University in Birjand during the academic year 2021-2022. Using purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 15 participants from this population (7 males and 8 females) until theoretical saturation of the data was achieved. The selection criteria for the semi-structured interviews involved recruiting student teachers who actively used social networks, as this aligned with the research objectives. To analyze the collected data from the interviews, thematic analysis was employed. This process involved extracting basic themes (codes and key points of the text), organizing themes (themes generated from combining and summarizing the basic themes), and overarching themes. In order to ensure data reliability, the coder consensus method was utilized, while expert review was applied to validate the study's findings.Discussion and ResultsThe findings of the study confirmed that the content of student teachers' learning on social networks incorporates three primary categories: university-related topics, school-related topics, and general information. Specifically, in terms of university-related content, there is a strong emphasis on developing practical skills, acquiring discipline-specific knowledge, and enhancing English language proficiency.The importance of school-related content in the learning process was also highlighted by the study, as student teachers seek knowledge about innovative teaching techniques, classroom administration, and foundational topics for their future educational roles. Furthermore, the research also showed that student teachers frequently access information related to news, technological advancements, and health-related matters on social networks. However, the study revealed that student teachers tend to have a less favorable opinion of the content shared on social media platforms, attributing this to shortcomings in accuracy, reliability, and thoroughness.ConclusionsConsidering the substantial amount of time student teachers spend on social networks, both intentionally and inadvertently, it is crucial to provide appropriate content. Despite their usage, student teachers hold a negative perception of the content offered on these platforms. To address this issue, it is recommended that the content be formally and systematically presented through the official social media channels of Farhangian University.Professors of Farhangian University are encouraged to utilize their official presence on social media actively and constructively, employing these platforms as a valuable resource to support their teaching endeavor and share content related to their educational modules. To foster practical application alongside theoretical knowledge, Farhangian University should establish and promote official learning channels and groups specifically catering to various educational departments. By doing so, student teachers will be introduced to innovative teaching strategies, classroom administration techniques, and discipline-related content.To cultivate student teachers' trust in the content presented on social networking platforms, it is essential to ensure that materials and resources disseminated through the official communication channels of Farhangian University are reliably validated. In order to provide appropriate, authentic content, Farhangian University should establish specialized groups or channels for each field of study, thereby enabling student teachers to access content directly related to their respective areas of study.
Ezzatullah Mirzaei; elham keshavarz moghadam
Abstract
Introduction:In the Islamic Republic, a unique variant of public opinion is observed, distinct from traditional models. While existing outside the realm of power relations, this form of public opinion lacks the connection to civil society commonly found in other contexts. Instead, it is defined by a ...
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Introduction:In the Islamic Republic, a unique variant of public opinion is observed, distinct from traditional models. While existing outside the realm of power relations, this form of public opinion lacks the connection to civil society commonly found in other contexts. Instead, it is defined by a collection of shared beliefs, attitudes, and viewpoints that are shaped independently of power dynamics, thus forming a unique, isolated public opinion within the Islamic Republic's sociopolitical landscape. The precarious state of civil society in Iran has led to it becoming a negligible factor in social and political equations and relations. Public opinion in Iran, rather than taking shape through the lens of civil society and aligning with government policies and decisions, functions as a force that is manipulated by adversaries and used as a tool to apply pressure against the Islamic Republic’s authority.Currently, the media plays a substantial role in influencing and steering public opinion. Many scholars and researchers in fields such as sociology, communication sciences, psychology, and others have posited that the media has the ability to shape its perceptions and interpretations of events to align with its preconceived biases. Consequently, media outlets often select data and scrutinize social phenomena based on these biases, and the information provided may not always accurately reflect reality but can be tainted with cultural, political, and social values and norms.Research question(s):The present research aimed at understanding the necessity of implementing social policies to manage and control Iranian public opinion. In the first stage, the study focused on identifying factors that contribute to the pessimistic outlook and confused mentality among Iranians. Subsequently, in the second stage, the research sought to analyze the meaningful relationships between causes and effects, with the objective of providing strategies in the domain of social policy. In accordance with these objectives, the research aimed to answer the following questions:What are the platforms that influence Iranian public opinion?What are the characteristics of Iranian public opinion?What strategies and tactics are implemented in the arena of managing and controlling Iranian public opinion?What capacities and constructive ideas can potentially impact Iranian public opinion?Literature Review:Given the profound and far-reaching changes and transformations experienced by human societies, the role of media, virtual space, and social networks in shaping such transformations is significant. Numerous thinkers have substantiated this assertion, as they argue that in the current era, the media serves as the primary force shaping public thoughts and minds. Disregard towards this phenomenon is considered impractical.Castells, for instance, posits that all identities are constructed, but the critical question at hand is how, from what sources, by whom, and for what purposes. Gerbner and his associates in the "cultivation theory" have attempted to address the impact of mass media, particularly television, on shaping public opinions and thoughts. Hall and J. Holley (2005) introduced the theory of "representation," which posits that in the contemporary context, mass media's audio-visual presentations have the most profound impact on shaping public culture, thoughts, and perceptions. According to this theory, mass media serve as instruments for representing the world to their audiences.The media, according to the theoretical framework of framing, does not solely function as a mirror that reflects events and the realities of the social and political world. Instead, they play a more active role in shaping social and political realities. Through their news reporting, the media influence how people perceive and understand the world around them, essentially constructing those realities. McCombs and Reynolds (2009) propose the theory of "highlighting," asserting that in the context of modern times, the media wield significant influence as a powerful factor. According to this theory, media communications and platforms play a pivotal role in the discursive processes of highlighting and marginalization. Moreover, the media are regarded as a foundational power factor in a global system that is constantly undergoing change.Methodology:This study is a descriptive-analytical research project conducted in accordance with the qualitative methodological approach, grounded in contextual theorization. It utilizes semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection technique and employs purposeful theoretical sampling to identify participants who can provide insights related to the research questions. Theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting interviews with 16 academics and experts in the fields of social sciences and communication sciences from various universities in Tehran (Tehran, Tarbiat Modares, and Khwarazmi). The interviewees comprised 13 men and 3 women, with ages ranging from 42 to 70 years.Result:Based on analysis conducted using MAXQDA software, 52 distinct concepts were identified during the initial open coding stage. These were subsequently grouped into 15 core categories during the axial coding phase. These categories can be further organized into three broader forms: platforms that shape the state of Iranian public opinion, characteristics of Iranian public opinion, and strategies and tactics employed in policy-making and public opinion management.The influence of the following platforms on Iranian public opinion is evident: a general sentiment of disappointment, a prevailing negativity, diminishing trust in official media spaces, and a decrease in their overall favorability.Several characteristics are evident in such a thought process: there is an increase in the tendency towards activism and direct action, a heightened influence of public opinion on government decision-making, a growing dissatisfaction and expression of demands shaped by virtual spaces and social media platforms, a stronger focus on political issues and concerns for security among the populace, and an increasing interest in adopting global values and norms, along with a strong influence wielded by unofficial media sources in opposition to civil society and official media channels. There is also a desire to form new social movements, particularly through acts of civil disobedience and other forms of influence. As a means of controlling public opinion, the researcher emphasized looking towards weaker and less developed neighboring countries as a cautionary tale. To manipulate public opinion in line with policy objectives, the researcher proposed strategies and tactics such as cover action, coordinated action (shaping aligned narratives), and media action. These tactics are aimed at influencing public opinion to align with policy goals and public opinion management.Discussion:In this study, the primary objectives were twofold: to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to the pessimistic outlook and confusing mindset of Iranians, and to examine the meaningful relationships between causes and effects by introducing social policy measures. It is worth noting that despite the numerous and persistent crises faced since the establishment of the Islamic Republic system, Iranian society has consistently demonstrated resilience and cooperation with the system. However, challenges and threats have emerged within society, creating wounds and uncertainties.It appears that factors such as a decrease in public trust (regarding structures, authorities, organizations, and institutions), heightened frustration and pessimism about the possibility of large-scale reform, the continued proliferation of negative news, and an escalating growth in demands that are difficult to meet in the short term are exacerbating the situation.Class divisions, continuous revelations against leaders and executive officials, an increase in the propensity for protests and a trend towards violence in these protests, the growth of political polarization, the focus of satellite and social media networks in directing public opinion, the establishment of an identity of resistance through cultural and social focus, a changing lifestyle and a rise in family breakdowns, a focus on celebrities and decreasing significance of former reference groups, and heightened external pressures have contributed to a sense of abandonment in Iran's public opinion, resulting in negative representations. When considering the nature and context of Iranian society in terms of its social, political, economic, and cultural aspects, it may be beneficial to categorize the primary and significant strategies for shaping Iranian public opinion in a positive, constructive, and hopeful direction into the following three broad categories:Several techniques have been utilized to shape public opinion: representation, framing, highlighting, and planting, which are based on the extensive use of virtual spaces and social networks. Moreover, strategies such as forming a think tank, analyzing positive narratives, and employing media actions were identified as potentially effective approaches in the realm of policymaking and public opinion management within the Iranian context. In response to the influence of the information and satellite space, public opinion might be steered in a different direction compared to that preferred by the government. It is worth noting that it is challenging to quickly overcome the enemy's soft and cognitive warfare, as this influence leverages the vast reach of virtual spaces, social networks, and satellite channels. The enemy not only seeks to impose a new lifestyle among Iranians but also employs various tactics and imagery to direct public opinion towards confrontational and oppositional stances against the government.
Hamideh Hosseinzadeh; Afsaneh Tavassoli
Abstract
This research was conducted in order to investigate cyber feminism in Iran and with the objectives of identifying the demands represented in feminist social networks. In the qualitative phase of this study, library sources were used to identify the demands represented, as well as to check the content ...
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This research was conducted in order to investigate cyber feminism in Iran and with the objectives of identifying the demands represented in feminist social networks. In the qualitative phase of this study, library sources were used to identify the demands represented, as well as to check the content of feminist social networks, therefore, a total of 44 pages were identified with the following related indicators: "1- Semiotic signs of feminist approaches in text editing and the content used, 2_ the presence of feminist keywords and related ideas in the text and content used, 3_ active feminist pages expressing demands. 4- The posts are related to the demands of women. 5- Focusing on Iranian women, 6- Introducing yourself as a feminist in the profile (bio) section of these networks", 16 popular pages with more than K50 followers were selected and subjected to data analysis. The findings of the qualitative phase were conducted using thematic analysis method, It is worth mentioning that in the current research, the classification has been done up to the level of main themes, And finally, the main themes have been obtained from the classification of minor themes, And we have reached 5 main themes. Classification at all levels has been done by manual coding, which finally resulted in a main core under the title of "removing restrictions imposed against women" and five main themes including: "1. Resolving gender injustice and inequality, 2. Resolving relative deprivation from relationships and lived experience, 3. Resolving the crisis of female agency, 4. Resolving stereotypes built around the discourse of discrimination, 5. According to these data, we can conclude: Cyber feminists take actions in the field of cyberspace, taking into account the premise of "applying restrictions against women", which results in the representation of demands in cyberspace.IntroductionOne of the important issues this research examines is to what extent the virtual havens of Iranian cyber feminisms, given the limitations they have in forming real-world havens, have been able to connect the separate and individual cells of the existing feminist system to the main sources and through that have a maximum impact on the women's community. From this aspect, the most important objectives pursued in this study are as follows: examining the characteristics of the demands represented in social networks, investigating the desires and axes of activism in feminist social networks, and reviewing the major schools of feminist thought present in feminist social networks.Materials and MethodsThe method of data collection in this study is conducted through qualitative thematic analysis, which examines and analyzes posts and texts in several feminist Instagram networks that have led to the representation of demands in the field of women's issues. The population includes all active feminist pages that meet the criteria for entry into the study. The sampling method was theoretical or purposive, where the researcher actively participated in the social network Instagram and engaged in participatory observation to search for samples. In summary, for sampling, after an extensive search among active networks that met the entry conditions to the study, a smaller number that had significantly represented demands and guided the research author in answering the qualitative phase questions were selected. This included 16 pages with over 50K followers and a collection of 320 relevant and necessary posts to answer the questions.Discussion and ResultsFrom the point of view of these feminist pages, throughout history, all kinds of norms have become customs and habits which, by determining gender roles, have restricted and encouraged women to the private sphere and engaged in domestic work and caring duties, and have pushed men towards social activities and Being bossy and high-handed which has led. Therefore, from the point of view of these feminist pages, it is very important to get rid of these stereotypes and prevent future generations from falling into them, and give women a chance to get rid of these gender roles. From the point of view of many pages, supporting and serving women by applying official laws and customary norms is only a fallacy that has been done in line with the systematic exclusion of women from all public spheres and social affairs. And this is while in order to achieve equality, we need to remove the repressive laws that have created the ground for limiting women's competition with men and removing women from the labor market and social affairs in favor of men during the determination of gender roles. It is organized in a way that always reproduces the domination of men over women. Therefore, according to these pages, the basis of the gender order is the inferiority of women, and all institutions and social relations are organized on this basis, therefore, according to the claim, the important issue is the empowerment of women in the structure. More precisely, what is said about the inferiority of women in relationships and isolation based on the content of feminist networks means that at the top of the gender hierarchy, in any way, is hegemonic masculinity, which is characterized by dominance, authority, and physical strength, and in contrast to it. All kinds of femininity are in subordinate positions of hegemonic masculinity; either when the woman is in the position of central femininity, complementing the hegemonic masculinity, or when they form subordinate femininities at the end of the power pyramid. In any case, women are marginalized and their experiences and narratives are forgotten, because culture and power are reproducing the gender order, and women with different opinions and thoughts are faced with laws, customs, and barriers that make them "oppressed" in this field. "ConclusionsSo from the point of view of these social pages, what has been evident so far in performance and relationships, Male dominance and following a male-centered procedure and the dominance of patriarchal relations have been, which has led to ignoring the basic rights of women and after that has caused women to be excluded and marginalized. So in terms of these pages in feminist social networks, If the society is to be freed from the male-centered practice and patriarchal relations in all elements of the family and social system, it is necessary to achieve a justice-oriented rethinking in her perspective and performance and seek compensation with an egalitarian and egalitarian attitude. These networks believe that not only women's rights should be recognized in private and family spheres, Rather, in the public sphere, the presence of women in society should be improved both quantitatively and qualitatively, and instead of being a decorative and showy presence Efforts should be made towards a creative, active, independent presence and to expand the goal of gender equality in society.
manochehr shah baba; gholamreza latifi; mohammadreza rasouli
Abstract
The growing prominence of virtual space, combined with the widespread use of tools like Telegram, has brought about significant changes in how citizens, particularly students, interact with each other. The primary objective of this research is to study the consequences of Telegram's role in creating ...
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The growing prominence of virtual space, combined with the widespread use of tools like Telegram, has brought about significant changes in how citizens, particularly students, interact with each other. The primary objective of this research is to study the consequences of Telegram's role in creating social isolation and disrupting students' social interactions. The study was conducted on a sample of high school students in Tehran City in 2017-1398, numbering 384 people, and employed a descriptive-correlation research method. Data collection was performed using both library and field research methods, with the use of a questionnaire to gather data. The results indicate that the use of Telegram has a significant effect on social isolation among students in Tehran, and there is a strong positive relationship between the two factors. This occurs due to insufficient management of the Telegram platform, as well as a lack of proper cultural awareness in using the application. IntroductionIntroduction:Indeed, the rise of cyberspace and the usage of communication tools such as Telegram has brought about numerous changes for people in terms of lifestyle and interaction. It is particularly relevant for teenagers and young people, and its significance in the development of society cannot be overstated. In recent times, a significant amount of focus has been placed on communication, social networks, internet spaces, and communication technologies. However, it is crucial to address the severe damages associated with this phenomenon. It's essential to acknowledge that many personal and social harms are concealed in cyberspace. Social isolation is one of these major issues. Social isolation refers to a lack of social connection to society, wherein an individual holds little to no faith in the valuation mechanism and socialreward system. This often leads to the agreement with everything deemed valid and valuable according to societal standards. Young people hold great significance in every society, and they are considered its foundation. All efforts of a society are directed towards investing in and nurturing this valuable group. Therefore, it is our collective responsibility to safeguard these national values and prevent factors that might endanger or harm them. To this end, we must strive to protect and care for them while promoting their well-being and progress. It is crucial to recognize that students are one of the most vulnerable segments of society in this domain. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of Telegram in the social isolation and disruptions in social interactions among students.Method:The research method employed in this descriptive study is correlation, and by utilizing calculated correlation coefficients, the researchers have constructed a structural model. The statistical population of the study consists of all high school students in Tehran for the academic year 2017-2018. Based on the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 individuals. In this study, Spearman's statistics and Lisrel's structural equations are applied to calculate the frequency percentage, density percentage, and establish relationships and test hypotheses. A questionnaire serves as the primary tool used to gather data in this research. Three distinct questionnaires, designed for the topics of social network pathology and disorders in interaction and isolation, were utilized. The questionnaire for pathology in social networks is founded on the researcher's model, containing 26 questions that focus on the four prominent areas of social network harms, namely: 1. Social-communicative harms; 2. Behavioral-individual harms; 3. Economic harms; 4. Cultural harms. The interaction disorder questionnaire was constructed by the researcher, which includes the following primary components: 1. Social trust disorder in interpersonal communication and communities; 2. Social cohesion disorder; 3. Coordination disorder; 4. Participation disorder in social and communication activities.And finally, the questionnaire for social isolation, devised by the researcher, encompasses seven essential aspects, including: 1. Feeling lonely; 2. Feeling powerless or helpless; 3. Feeling despair or meaninglessness; 4. Reducing social tolerance; 5. Feeling abnormal; 6. Experiencing social isolation; 7. Feeling alienated. The study utilizes two methods for data collection: library and field research methods. Findings:The outcomes of the research demonstrate that the detrimental aspects of social networks and the escalation of social isolation can significantly influence social interaction and social isolation among high school students in Tehran, with a special focus on the role of Telegram in this phenomenon. The research findings also indicate that the harmful facets of social networks and disruptions in social interactions, particularly in the context of Telegram's role in social interaction or isolation, can have a substantial influence on high school students in Tehran. Furthermore, the study found that a substantial correlation exists between students' isolation and disarray and their utilization of the Telegram social network. Conclusion:Based on the statistical data obtained from the research, the second subhypothesis titled "There exists a connection between the detrimental aspects of social networks and disruption in social interaction" holds the strongest correlation coefficient of (0.910). This implies a robust and substantial relationship between the mentioned factors. This revelation suggests that, amongst high school students in Tehran, the most significant harm that can be ascribed to social networks is social interaction disruption. In essence, the improper and uninformed utilization of social networks has contradictory outcomes compared to its surface appearance. This phenomenon leads people to be more detached from one another, limiting their communication to the realms of virtual space, where it lacks tangibility, is imperceptible, and remains invisible and manageable. This point highlights the adverse impact of social network use on interpersonal relationships due to the lack of recognition among individuals.As a result, the absence of verbal communication can lead to strained connections and failures in relationships. Furthermore, this communication deficiency can cause individuals to encounter challenges in social, organizational, and work settings, with a marked weakness in collective speech. The disruption of social interactions can result in the disruption of social etiquette and norms. Various aspects of communication, such as trust, shared conventions, and interactions, which emerge as a result of optimal communication and participation among members of society, can be compromised. This, in turn, can create social problems and undermine the harmonious functioning of the community. Social isolation will likely have numerous adverse effects across various domains, including cultural, economic, and more. The affected individual may withdraw from society and others, leading to the inability to fulfill their basic needs. Specifically, this can manifest in the form of a diminished sense of belonging to others, reduced acceptance by others, and a weakened sense of group membership. The findings strongly suggest that the usage of Telegram as a social network has a significant influence on the formation of social isolation among high school students in Tehran.
fariba seyedan; fatemeh Angoraj Taghavi
Abstract
Abstract
New media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new communication technologies, by providing new opportunities for joint activities, has had tremendous effects on the relationships ...
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Abstract
New media has opened new perspectives for family members by promoting different patterns of social interaction and providing access to vast information. The presence of new communication technologies, by providing new opportunities for joint activities, has had tremendous effects on the relationships of family members. Is. Investigating mediation and how parents encounter cyberspace not only helps to design new solutions in media education for parents, but also opens up new fields in media studies, especially in the field of family. Children are one of the possibilities of virtual space, limits and boundaries of activity with communication technologies and necessary skills in the media space. The sample of the research was the potential participants from parents in the city of Karaj. Considering the importance of maximum diversity in the research sample and the existing limitations for conducting interviews, criteria were considered for selecting the sample frame. Using purposeful sampling (based on selection criteria) and theory, after semi-structured interviews with 15 samples of parents, thematic saturation was obtained. The findings of this research are 57 non-repetitive and non-overlapping important statements, the following 4 "overall themes" including parents' media capability. "Restrictive Mediation", "Watch Mediation", "Active Mediation", 10 "Subtopics" and 43 "Comprehensive Meaning Units" were obtained. The results showed that parents' media skills include strategies that allow them to Effectively face the media environment and the use of children and teenagers. Due to the types of restrictive, observational and active mediation strategies, in the complex parent-child interactions, many individual background factors have intervened and mediation strategies, with the changes in children's digital behaviors are variable, and dependent on growth and activity. They are in the virtual space. Therefore, the way parents deal with the media space is not limited to a mediation strategy, and parents may use several methods for media intervention. Not only parents influence the child's behavior, but also the child's real behavior or his digital abilities They are influenced in such a way that they adopt their mediation approach according to the activity that the child does.
Introduction
With the advent of the information age and the emergence of social media, the Internet has often helped children's growth and is associated with a decrease in the quality of life and their exposure to unknown risks. The main goal of this article is to study how parents mediate in their children's employment and use of cyber space. In this context, we are trying to find out what the participants' experiences are about the way they interact with their children, the limits and boundaries of their children's activities with media technology and the necessary skills in the media space. This is the question of how parents deal with parenting in the media space.
Methedology
The method of data interpretation in this research is theme or thematic analysis.Thematic analysis is a method to recognize, analyze and report patterns in qualitative data.This method is a process for analyzing textual data and turns scattered and diverse data into rich and detailed data.The data collection tool in this study is semi-structured interviews.Analyzing the data using the 6-step process of Clark and Brown (2017) in the field of thematic analysis, continuously going back and forth between the data and the analyzed codings resulting from the 6 steps, getting familiar with the data, creating primary codes, searching for optional codes, Creating sub-themes, defining the main themes and preparing the final report, in which 57 key concepts, 47 compact semantic units, 9 sub-themes and 3 main themes were obtained.Access to samples was done through targeted sampling including parents of children under 12 years of age and through snowball (non-probability sampling) and as a result, firstly based on the thematic axis of the research and complete knowledge, the first person was selected and after the interview based on the criteria of the research community. have been introduced.Sampling with the condition of theoretical saturation continued up to the number of 15 samples and when the results were repeated, 4 more samples were taken to ensure theoretical saturation and the total number reached 19 samples. To validate the findings, Guba and Lincoln criteria (ability validity, transferability, reliability and confirmability) were used.for reliability, researchers' review and interweaving technique were used so that as much as possible, different points of view were examined and more comprehensive and deeper data were obtained. Peer review (mentors and advisors of experts in the subject with a history of authorship or research in this field) was used to ensure the quality and validity of the interview protocol and for the validity of the coding structure. The use of targeted sampling has increased the possibility of transferring data. The use of in-depth interviews in information for continuous comparison and conceptualization was done in line with the criterion of verifiability.
Result
The findings of this research include 98 important non-repetitive and non-overlapping statements, under 3 "general themes" including "parental media competence", "restrictive mediation", "viewer", "active mediation", 10 "sub-themes" and 47 "units". compact meaning" were obtained.The findings of the research include the general theme of parents' media capability, which is obtained from 2 sub-themes of acquiring media skills and feeling self-efficacy and competence, and thirteen (13) compact semantic units.In the sub-theme of media use skills, eleven (11) intensive semantic units include familiarity with how to use different software (Word, Excel, etc.), installing the required software, how to send messages, questions and receive answers, familiarity with how to interact with friends and teachers through two-way software, the ability to update the required information, using virtual pages for the purpose of education, parental awareness of privacy, familiarity with attractive and informative websites for children and teenagers, familiarity with various content (text, image, music), familiarity with age-appropriate and desirable virtual games of children was obtained.The findings of this research are 57 non-repetitive and non-overlapping important statements, the following 4 "overall themes" including parents' media capability. "Restrictive Mediation", "Watch Mediation", "Active Mediation", 10 "Subtopics" and 43 "Comprehensive Meaning Units" were obtained. The results showed that parents' media skills include strategies that allow them to Effectively face the media environment and the use of children and teenagers. Due to the types of restrictive, observational and active mediation strategies, in the complex parent-child interactions, many individual background factors have intervened and mediation strategies, with the changes in children's digital behaviors are variable, and dependent on growth and activity. They are in the virtual space. Therefore, the way parents deal with the media space is not limited to a mediation strategy, and parents may use several methods for media intervention. Not only parents influence the child's behavior, but also the child's real behavior or his digital abilities They are influenced in such a way that they adopt their mediation approach according to the activity that the child does.In communication research, the theory of parental mediation is based on the principle that parents try to reduce the negative effects of the media on their children by resorting to different interpersonal communication strategies.The findings of the research include the main theme of direct and indirect limitation of observation, which is obtained from 4 sub-themes of direct time limitation, direct technical limitation, direct limitation of social interactions, observation and thirteen (13) compact semantic units.The sub-theme of time limit includes four (4) compact semantic units of clear rules, prohibiting unlimited use of the Internet, determining the amount of usage hours, warning in case of non-compliance with the rules, and technical limitation including three (3) compact semantic units of limited and blocking some virtual activities. By using the software, the parent's permission to enter a specific page, setting a password for mobile and computer, etc., and limiting social interactions including four (4) compact semantic units, limiting the amount of social interactions, including virtual chat, electronic mail, text messages and social interactions in games. Also, the sub-theme of indirect restriction of surveillance includes two (2) intensive semantic units of imperceptible control and checking activity and indirect restriction of children's use of virtual space.Parents, with parenting and active mediation, in the course of a joint activity with children and teenagers, help them acquire social and cognitive skills, so that they improve their self-improvement skills and gradually become able to take responsibility for using the media environment. For example, while watching a movie, parents attract children's attention, encourage them to comment and ask questions, and expose them to language and cognitive and digital learning.In this research, the general theme of active mediation is obtained from 4 sub-themes of "trust building", "joint activity and use", "conversation and strengthening of self-efficacy" and "training", and 17 compact semantic units. Some parents, in order to develop social and cognitive skills in their children in virtual space, accompany them and guide them through joint activity and use.During a joint activity with parents, with their support and guidance, the child is able to improve his skills and gradually acquire the ability to use the media environment.Among the strategies of parents is active use with their children, in this way, parents do joint and diverse activities with the aim of increasing their child's proper use of digital technologies, for example, they play a video game together or search for attractive and entertaining sites together.In the style of active mediation, parents and children talk and discuss about virtual space and various activities such as computer games and internet usage.Some parents, by actively mediating, discussing and having a critical conversation with their children on the use of the Internet, help the children to evaluate and use these technologies as critical users or spectators.This group of people encourages the development of critical, creative, self-efficacy and openness in children.Through mediation and "active mediation", parents perform different activities with the aim of increasing the child's appropriate use of digital technologies, for example, explaining how to use them or talking about the contents of new programs or websites.
Conclusion
New media, through the promotion of different patterns of social interaction, and the possibility of access to vast information, have opened new perspectives for family members, and are effective in maintaining relationships within the family. Examining mediation and the way parents face the virtual space not only helps to design new solutions in media education for parents, but also opens new fields in media studies, especially in the family field. The media ability of parents in facilitating interactions between children and new media. It has a key aspect. In order to mediate and guide children's experiences in the web environment, parents must have up-to-date knowledge and skills about digital media.Also, according to various characteristics such as the age and ability of the child, parents take multiple strategies of empowering and active and restrictive mediation and adopt appropriate strategies for children's media intervention with combined methods.In the complex parent-child interactions, many factors of the individual context have intervened and the mediation strategies are variable with the changes in the digital behaviors of children, and it is a function of their growth and activity in the virtual space.The way parents deal with the media environment is not limited to a mediation strategy, and it is possible for parents to use several methods at the same time for media intervention. In this way, not only parents influence the child's behavior, but the child's real behavior or his digital abilities are also affected by their behavior. The way they adopt their mediation approach, according to the activity that the child does.In this research, parents acknowledged the effectiveness of restrictive mediation, in the form of limiting time, interactions, etc., from this point of view, parental supervision is important in facilitating interactions between children and new media, and sometimes in the course of a joint activity, parents support and guide themselves. It regulates that the child is able to improve his skills and abilities. It is worth mentioning that restrictive and monitoring strategies are more effective at younger ages. Sometimes, teenagers consider parental control or limitations as an obstacle to meet their needs and show a negative reaction to this phenomenon by increasing their online activities. Of course, how to apply restrictions is different according to different contexts and fields and needs more studies. In the current media world, parents need to be able to mediate effectively in the form of being with their children, building trust, playing together, rethinking, talking and creating content. They acknowledged privacy and sharing. This kind of active mediation, in the form of discussions and conversations, helps children to be active in the use of technologies as users or critical spectators. It is important in designing the learning environment and creating interactive learning scenarios and challenges. In this way, children and teenagers will be able to explain and describe the memories of using information technology and know how to deal with them, and be aware of the risks of transactions on the Internet, and the basic rights and responsibilities regarding their own and others' data.Now, many children and teenagers have an "open mind", because they interact in local situations with global levels through modern communication technologies, including smart phones and... with social networks, inside and outside the country. Let's look at the world with empathy and openness and especially with ease.
farid ganji; sardar mohamadi
Abstract
AbstractIn the last few years, the use of the Internet has been predominantly the utilization of social media networks. A social media network is a digital platform that enables users to connect, share information and collaborate with each other. Social media applications, accessible through smartphones, ...
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AbstractIn the last few years, the use of the Internet has been predominantly the utilization of social media networks. A social media network is a digital platform that enables users to connect, share information and collaborate with each other. Social media applications, accessible through smartphones, have become increasingly prevalent and popular. All users with access to smart phones can become members of these social media networks, wherein they can share content and experience communication with other people. These social networks can be aptly described as software, programs, or services that are accessible through mobile devices and enable users to interact with others and share information. Users can exchange news and diverse content with others. Among the myriad social media platforms, Instagram's photo-and video-sharing functionality has gained immense popularity and attracted a significant user base. The continuous growth of Instagram, which relies solely on sending and sharing images and videos without textual descriptions, signifies the increasing appeal of visual social media and users' inclination towards such platforms. The present study sought to explore the lived experience of professional athletes on the Instagram social network. The research methodology was qualitative, employing the "grounded theory" methodology, pioneered by Clark and Brown. This approach is employed to identify, analyze, and report patterns (themes) in data (a number of interviews or a text) through a step-by-step process. The theme encapsulates the significant answer and meaning extrapolated from the data relative to the research question. In contrast to traditional qualitative approaches, this analysis is grounded in inductive reasoning, rather than relying on preestablished theories or frameworks. A theme encapsulates critical information and provides insight into the data and research questions. The theme offers a glimpse into the meaning and concept of the pattern of the data and, according to the researcher's analysis, hints at their understanding of the topic at hand. The theme also denotes a recurring and distinctive element of the text, representing a recurring and salient feature within the data that, in the researcher's opinion, reflects a certain level of comprehension and experience regarding the research question. While recognizing themes may vary from one researcher to another, there are some guiding principles that can be followed to identify significant themes. The theme has a repetitive component, meaning that a theme should appear more than once within the text to be considered a theme. Therefore, a concept or issue appearing only once cannot be regarded as a theme. The population of this study consisted of professional athletes who have been using the Instagram social network for more than two years and possess relevant lived experiences. Since the participants hold considerable experience in the arena of athletic competition, they have been qualified to participate in the study. The presence of sufficient lived experience is a pre-requisite for qualitative research and forms the basis of the selected sample. The researcher employed purposeful sampling and data acquisition until achieving data saturation. Two additional interviews were conducted to confirm data saturation and to confirm the researcher's confidence in the obtained results (7+2). A semi-structured interview was employed to acquire the data. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, an inductive approach, per which the analysis continued until the most vital themes were extracted. Following the steps of theme integration, consolidation, and elimination, the researcher selected the primary themes, which were deemed to be most suitable for this research and likely to yield fruitful outcomes. The researcher chose themes which offered a greater potential for significant findings in the study. The findings revealed three principal themes: "Liking and Commenting," "Following," and "Gaining Fans." The analysis shows that social media provides athletes with a novel, personal, and unfiltered method of communication, allowing them to convey messages without the intermediation of public relations personnel or journalists. Previously, athletes relied on traditional channels such as televised interviews, newspaper and magazine articles, and statements released through public relations representatives. Athletes can now engage with their fans through a direct and deeply personal communication channel. Additionally, novel social media platforms, including Instagram, have expedited interactions between athletes and sports enthusiasts. These social networks have become breeding grounds for voicing opinions and seeking advice, providing a valuable source of knowledge and expertise for budding athletes. To facilitate the analysis of the interview data, the researcher leveraged qualitative data classification and coding software, NVivo version 10, to manage and categorize the voluminous data. Considering that the substantial volume of data is a salient characteristic of qualitative studies, the researcher opted to use specialized software to organize and categorize the data efficiently.
Elham Heydari; nader seyed kalali; Mahtab Mirzaee
Abstract
IntroductionThis study aims at investigating the relationship between market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. These variables have been acknowledged by various scholars as having a significant impact on company performance. Company performance is influenced by a variety ...
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IntroductionThis study aims at investigating the relationship between market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. These variables have been acknowledged by various scholars as having a significant impact on company performance. Company performance is influenced by a variety of factors, and researchers are attempting to uncover the roots of this performance in order to enhance the competitive potential of companies. Insurance companies, as they operate in a competitive industry and possess close relationships with customers, were selected as the focus of the study.MethodsThis study explored the impact of market orientation on business performance, examining the mediating role of social networks acceptance. A survey was conducted among senior executives of the Asian insurance company branches in Iran. Cochran's formula was employed to determine the sample size, resulting in a statistical population of 158 managers. The questionnaire had two sections: demography and research variables, including market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and SmartPLS software were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe study set out to examine the relationship between market orientation, social media acceptance, and business performance, and all four hypotheses were confirmed. It was found that market orientation has a positive impact on business performance, and this relationship is mediated by social media acceptance. The second hypothesis, which states that market orientation has a positive effect on business performance, was also validated. Additionally, the third hypothesis, indicating a positive link between market orientation and social media acceptance, was also supported. Finally, the fourth hypothesis, demonstrating the positive impact of social media acceptance on business performance, was also confirmed.ConclusionRegarding the results of this research, it is evident that market orientation has a positive impact on business performance. Asia Insurance managers should prioritize market-oriented structures and processes to ensure high levels of performance. Additionally, the findings suggest that companies should focus on creating marketing plans that emphasize market orientation. Market orientation is also linked to increased acceptance of social networks. Invested in new technologies, companies can identify the needs of their customers and establish strong relationships with them through social networks. The research concluded that social networks acceptance is directly correlated with improved business performance, indicating that insurance companies must utilize social networks to attract new customers and increase loyalty among existing customers. It is crucial for Asia Insurance to focus on market-oriented strategies and incorporate social networks into their operations to achieve better business performance.The sample of this study is limited to managers of the branches of the Asian insurance company, exclusively located in Iran. Therefore, future scholars can expand this research to other geographical locations and industries, with potentially larger samples. Additionally, the investigation can explore the influence of other mediating or moderator variables, such as cultural aspects and leadership styles, on the relationship between market orientation and performance.
Meisam Modarresi; Shaghayegh jalilvand
Abstract
IntroductionEntrepreneurship has drawn much attention in recent times due to its ability to create job opportunities, thereby addressing the issue of employment and unemployment. Resolving unemployment is one of the most pressing social challenges that policymakers are facing. Entrepreneurship is a solution ...
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IntroductionEntrepreneurship has drawn much attention in recent times due to its ability to create job opportunities, thereby addressing the issue of employment and unemployment. Resolving unemployment is one of the most pressing social challenges that policymakers are facing. Entrepreneurship is a solution to this problem, and students possessing entrepreneurial skills and motivation can lead to resolving these issues. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of Instagram on entrepreneurial intention among Semnan University students.Methodology:The research follows a quantitative approach, with a functional purpose. The method of data collection is descriptive survey, while the time frame is single-section. The statistical population of this study is composed of 2,000 students who study at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, as well as the Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies at Semnan University, and are members of Instagram. Specifically, the population consists of students who follow entrepreneurial pages on Instagram.A non-probability sampling method, namely stratification, was employed, and a simple random sampling method was used to select a sample of 322 individuals. The data collection tool used in this study is a standard questionnaire that was adapted to the research objectives.FindingsRegarding the effect of Instagram on entrepreneurial intention, the research results revealed a significant impact. The community of entrepreneurs on Instagram have provided students with the confidence to transform their business ideas into reality. In addition, this social network has had the greatest impact on social norms and entrepreneurial attitudes; that is, students communicate with their family, friends and professors on the Instagram social network, and this communication has affected the social and mental norms of students. In addition, this social network has made entrepreneurship students think about independent business.ConclusionInstagram has been found to play a significant role in fostering entrepreneurial intention. The social network has strengthened students' confidence to start a business idea. By extension, these findings emphasize the importance of educating students about entrepreneurship and its benefits, including their ability to create employment opportunities. However, it's important to note that future research may reveal additional factors that impact the relationship between Instagram
ali nourijani; hosein eslami; sayed alireza afshani; hassan dehghan dehnavi
Abstract
IntroductionThe present-day governance environment in the global arena has been impacted by social networks and the unique aspects of the era of the network society, leading to fundamental changes. These changes have transformed the governance environment "in", "on", and "through" social networks and ...
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IntroductionThe present-day governance environment in the global arena has been impacted by social networks and the unique aspects of the era of the network society, leading to fundamental changes. These changes have transformed the governance environment "in", "on", and "through" social networks and made them an obvious and inevitable part of the picture. Therefore, this article aims to provide an effective and viable model for playing an authoritative role in the future of cyber operations at the international level. This will enable participants to take part in shaping the global cyber landscape. The objective of creating a desirable model for digital governance in the network society era has been outlined. By observing relevant documents and conducting library studies, methods used by other countries in this area have been obtained for the expansion and development of domestic and international governance. The two approaches of "open governance" and "control governance" have been examined and discussed, including the effects of adopting each approach and how they may impact international relations.The results of the current study demonstrate that though some might believe that open governance is the predominant approach in international arenas, a combination of both open and control governance based on the system of societal issues has a significant impact on cyber governance practices. Consequently, the ideal model of digital governance is a flexible authoritarian approach based on the system of issues that nations should adopt in both domestic and international arenas.The concepts of "digital governance" and "networked society" are two fundamental areas that constitute the new ecosystem and can be examined from multiple perspectives. The theory of network society, coined by Manuel Castells, presents a macro-level view of the characteristics of the current era, emerging as a new theory after the information society. The aforementioned theory can offer insights into the new age's characteristics.According to Castells, the transition to the network society is characterized by the polarization of international economic structures and societies, the transformation of work and employment, the evolution of media and audiences, the change of the material foundations of culture (the space of flows and timeless time), and the breakdown of the societal fabric. It is notable that the logic of the digital governance and network society areas are distinct, leading to contrasting identities. Ultimately, these identities exist on opposite ends of the spectrum, emphasizing the diverse nature of the network society.Furthermore, digital governance, as a significant aspect impacting global developments, has emerged as an all-encompassing framework for reforms within various governance domains. The digitization process will facilitate seamless cooperation between the public and private sectors, paving the way for effective digital governance, particularly through the reforming of public sector bills.Additionally, several experts assert that governments need to become more efficient and productive, engage in closer collaboration with stakeholders from diverse sectors, and leverage data to inform decision-making through the creation of evidence-based policies. Governments must also enhance transparency and accountability and respond to the evolving relationship between government and citizens by enhancing citizen participation through the implementation of public services or other measures. These concepts have led to the development of digital governance. However, the advancement of public sector improvements within Iran has been comparatively sluggish.The widespread usage of information and communication technologies in day-to-day life, as well as the increasing penetration of these technologies among households in the last few decades, have resulted in a significant amount of information generated about individuals, groups, and societies. In order to enhance their governance indicators, governments have no choice but to access, process, and make use of this information while managing and governing their communities. Consequently, the purpose of the current research is to review governance in the digital age and the research approach is descriptive-analytical. The findings showed that governments, in order to fulfill the changing needs and desires of their citizens, are compelled to make use of information technology to conduct reforms within the public sector and thus bring about radical changes in the way they deliver public services. Digital governance, with its tremendous power, plays an instrumental role in curtailing administrative paperwork, streamlining operations, restructuring governmental institutions, reducing the cost of governance, making governance more adaptable to changes, reducing bureaucratic corruption, enhancing public participation, increasing transparency within the government body, reducing decentralization, fortifying democratic foundations, reforming administrative and governmental bureaucracy, enhancing governance accountability, increasing efficiency and productivity, improving the quality of information and data accessibility, saving time, and enhancing the effectiveness of governance processes.The penetration and expansion of information and communication technology in all areas of human life has led to a change in the ways of communication between people and the society, the methods and procedures that the society contributes to each person in doing their work. Due to these changes, the current age is called the age of information and communication, as a result of which human communities have become scientific communities and citizens have become users of social networks. Today, the vital role of the government and government agencies in the development of the country and the well-being of citizens is obvious.The digital age has prompted many thinkers to propose various indicators of digital governance, which draw from theories and assumptions aiming to serve as the cornerstone of an efficient and user-centered system. Some experts have described e-government as the second revolution after modern government and public administration, affecting not only the methods of public service delivery but also the fundamental relationships between the government and the people. The transformation of the times also necessitates decentralizing operations, hiring subject-matter experts, outsourcing tasks to the private sector, and transforming local authorities into designers and supervisors. In addition, safeguarding the environment, strengthening the culture of citizenship, supporting various public spheres, and encouraging the private sector to reduce government ownership are some of the policies and requirements outlined in the sixth development plan. It is indispensable to carry out information acquisition, licensing, payments, and administrative and operational processes electronically, avoiding in-person procedures (Abdul Hosseinzadeh, 2019, p. 187).The Information Technology Governance Institute defines governance as "a set of responsibilities and activities carried out by the board of directors or senior managers in order to realize strategic direction, ensure the achievement of anticipated goals, manage the organization's risks, and allocate and control resources." Effective governance involves defining structures and mechanisms to ensure effective performance of responsibilities and duties, and it can lead to greater transparency and accountability in organizational functioning.In the field of digital governance, the definition of the concept is derived from the higher-level concept of governance. It can be defined as structures and mechanisms adopted by organizations in the field of digital transformation to optimize their resources and capabilities in terms of digital strategies, processes, and systems. The ultimate goal of effective digital governance is to maximize the positive impact of digital technologies on an organization's operations and service delivery, while minimizing the negative impacts (Bonet and Westerman, 2014).
Morteza Movaghar; Zahra Kazemi Saraskanrood
Abstract
Objectives: Influencer marketing refers to the engagement of influential users who have the credibility, following, and motivation to spread positive word-of-mouth advertising on blogs and social media and is a key component of digital marketing strategies for businesses. Through their posts on social ...
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Objectives: Influencer marketing refers to the engagement of influential users who have the credibility, following, and motivation to spread positive word-of-mouth advertising on blogs and social media and is a key component of digital marketing strategies for businesses. Through their posts on social networks, influencers are online opinion leaders who influence the behavior and decision-making process of the masses. Their followers feel close to them because they believe they know a lot about them and are in touch with them. This proximity allows influencers to influence others. Influencers gain a large following, in particular, because they have specific knowledge/skills. Influencers have significant groups of followers and act as experts in their content. The term "social media influencers" refers to those users who have the potential to create interaction, dialogue and/or sell products/services with the target audience. An influencer can be anyone, from a fashion blogger on Instagram to a wedding photographer on Pinterest, to a cyber security expert tweeting on Twitter. Influencers create identities by communicating personal experiences that combine photos, videos, and activities. Similarly, it should be noted that followers actively participate in the construction and legitimization of influencers' identities because they follow them, interact with them, defend and support them. According to the mentioned research results, although businesses have recognized the value of attracting influencers as a distinct marketing communication tool, the insight on how to select and participate with these influencers and integrate the campaign into their marketing communication program is still limited. In recent years, academic research on influencer marketing has been growing rapidly, and in the past decade, significant efforts have been made to improve knowledge about influencer marketing, but little attention has been paid to systematizing and synthesizing the current body of knowledge. In order to fill this gap, this article aims to conduct a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature and review the current status of influencer marketing research. The current research tries to answer the question that what are the determinants of marketing value creation through influential people for businesses and how are they prioritized? The purpose of this research is to identify the determining components of the value of influencer marketing for businesses.Methods: This study was done with a qualitative approach and the method of thematic analysis of past studies. Before presenting the results of foreign and domestic studies in the field of the studied concept, i.e. "Influencer marketing", to identify the current trend and status of this issue, the results of the bibliometric analysis are presented in a scientific and research way. Bibliometric analysis enables a detailed understanding of the body of knowledge and its various aspects such as joint citations, co-occurrence, etc. It also helps to describe the data in the form of major contributions between authors and countries, the most cited countries, the most prolific authors, and the most influential journals in the field of study are identified.Results Based on the results, since 2008, the writing of articles in the field of "Influencer marketing" has been started, and until 2016, only one article has been published in this field every year, and since 2016, this issue has gradually received the attention of researchers. and the trend of publishing articles has increased. The review of research literature in the field of "Influencer marketing" has been mainly focused on the fields of business and management and then social sciences. Theme analysis is one of the appropriate analytical methods in qualitative research. Thematic analysis can be used well to compile and analyze the network of themes. Thematic analysis can create a suitable bridge between researchers of different disciplines. This method helps researchers easily convey their observations, findings, and interpretations to others. If a researcher wants to present the results of his work in ways that are comprehensible to other researchers in different fields and with different orientations, thematic analysis can establish a good relationship between different philosophical approaches and between theorists and practitioners. In the theme analysis stage, the data were collected and analyzed with the help of open and axial coding in MAXQDA software. The components have been prioritized by using the importance-function matrix and gathering experts' opinions through a questionnaire. The determining components of the value of influencer marketing have been identified in 8 categories of organizing themes and 59 basic themes and include the components of audience characteristics, characteristics of influencers, content characteristics, platform characteristics, industry characteristics, time horizon, ethical concerns, and collaborative networking.Conclusions: The results of this research can be used to develop marketing strategies through influencer marketing according to business conditions. Among other things, business marketing managers and planners are suggested to rely on content-based criteria, such as the relevance of topics, and content quality, to attract audiences.
parvin javanbakht; Reza Esmaeili; Fazeh Taghipour
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives: Elections are one of arenas where people express their opinions and desires and indirectly intervene in the public policy-making process. During the elections, candidates, groups, and political parties try to compete with each other based on different political principles to gain ...
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Abstract
Objectives: Elections are one of arenas where people express their opinions and desires and indirectly intervene in the public policy-making process. During the elections, candidates, groups, and political parties try to compete with each other based on different political principles to gain power and, if elected, implement their desired policy. In the past, advertising in political arenas was mostly done through speeches in circles, tracts, urban advertisements, making documentary films, and advertisements in media such as television and to some extent short messages, and its influence on the electoral behavior of the people was moderate, because only those active in the political fields tended to attend these circles and participate in the speeches of election candidates. In fact, these advertising methods were more traditional and created huge costs for the candidates and their sponsors. However, with the introduction of social networks, the form and effectiveness of advertisements changed both in terms of content and in terms of how they were transmitted to citizens, and more people, especially the younger generation of society, who were involved in social networks, were informed about their views, and its effectiveness was many times higher. Other media were and are now considered to be one of the most important tools for increasing the accuracy and efficiency of advertisements, which can be effective in strengthening people's voting. In fact, social networks are a tool under the control of candidates who intend to attract the attention and trust of citizens by expressing their ideas and programs to gain political seats. This advertising includes various methods that the type of utilization of them, as well as the initiative in using new methods, can facilitate the process of selecting candidates to a great extent. In fact, the behavior of candidates and electoral strategies have created a wide tendency to choose social networks as a persuasive priority for citizens, so that they can get more votes. Social networks are the current view of society, culture, politics, economy, and science. By carefully examining the relationships of people and other social entities in social networks in various fields, we will know the characteristics of the target society. It is a short story that turned into a discussion of social networks. In our country, despite the high importance of the issue of social networks and the increasing use of social networks by people, the researches that have been done in the field of political behaviorism are less focused on the persuasive methods used in social networks, which are one of the main elements in the field of communication, and on the other hand, the effect of these persuasive methods of social networks on people's voting behavior, which is one of the main elements in the field of political behavior and sociology, has been studied. Based on this, in this article, a structural-interpretive analysis of persuasive methods used in social networks and their effect on voters' behavior has been done.
Methods: This study was done with a qualitative approach, the research approach of this study is inductive-deductive in terms of data collection logic. For this purpose, it should be briefly stated, first by examining the theoretical and theoretical foundations of the research based on the synthesis of the results of the reviewed researches, the criteria related to common persuasive methods in social networks were identified based on the Delphi analysis, according to the two criteria, the average and the agreement coefficient. They are confirmed or deleted and finally, through structural-interpretive analysis, the identified layers are prioritized in the form of a pattern and explained from the point of view of the level of penetration and influence. In this research, 15 specialists from the fields of media, communication, and social sciences were selected through homogenous sampling and participated in two parts: overview and structural-interpretive analysis.
Results: Based on the analysis, it was determined that the most effective and influential method of persuasion adopted by election candidates, stimulating collective emotions and creating enthusiasm is established as two indicators of the instrumental function of persuasion. In fact, election candidates and their supporting groups try to influence collective and group emotions by producing content on social networks and increasing enthusiasm among them. At the least effective level, there is a massive showing of the competitors' weaknesses, which can also be said, this type of advertising behavior conveys the most negative aspect of influence to the people, because it makes the capabilities and realistic slogans of the candidate in question. Negative advertising against the competitor will be lost and will reduce the motivation of the followers
Conclusions: In fact, election candidates and their supporting groups try to influence collective and group emotions by producing content on social networks and increasing excitement among them. This issue greatly affects the increase of people's support, because such messages target the audience's perceptual bias and cause wider advertisements, both on social networks and in the minds of the audience. Messages are produced with the aim of mobilizing emotions and inciting them in social networks, causing stronger support groups to come into action. The messages that are published in social networks with the aim of informing about the candidate's future policies and plans, are aimed at creating more understanding about the goals and plans of the person in question, and the more these policies and strategies are based on facts, the more the audience will be affected.
Usef Ramezani; Mohsen Rajabzadeh; mahnaz raoof
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the willingness to share knowledge in social networks. This research is applied research. The statistical population of the study consisted of postgraduate students of higher education institutes in Mashhad who were selected through the ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the willingness to share knowledge in social networks. This research is applied research. The statistical population of the study consisted of postgraduate students of higher education institutes in Mashhad who were selected through the non-probability sampling method. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods and structural equations "SEM" in Smart PLS software. According to the results, interactive factors, pleasure in helping others, trust, perceived usefulness, ease of use Perceived, and adaptation have a positive and significant effect on attitude toward knowledge sharing, and organization of effort has a negative effect on attitude toward knowledge sharing. Knowledge automation does not affect attitudes toward knowledge sharing. Also, the influence of coworkers on the subjective norm of users has a significant positive effect on knowledge sharing. Knowledge automation factors, perceived ease of use, and accessibility of resources have a significant and positive effect on users' perceived behavioral control over knowledge sharing, as well as an attitude toward knowledge sharing, perceived behavioral control of knowledge sharing has a tendency to share knowledge in Social networks have no effect and subjective norms about knowledge sharing have a positive and significant effect on the willingness to share knowledge in social networks.
Seyede Shima karanjam; Seyed Reza Seyed Javadin; Mohammadrahim Esfidani; Moslem Alimohammadlou
Abstract
One of the major sources of human knowledge that plays an important role in the survival and health of societies is the knowledge of governance and public administration. The policy-making system, in accordance with the social, political, economic, cultural and technological environment of the world, ...
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One of the major sources of human knowledge that plays an important role in the survival and health of societies is the knowledge of governance and public administration. The policy-making system, in accordance with the social, political, economic, cultural and technological environment of the world, must choose the appropriate style for successful governance. Due to the emergence of the network age and the influence of cyberspace in all aspects of individual life and governance policy, this study was conducted with the aim of designing a mental cognitive mapping model of governance on social networks using the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) which is one of the research methods is derived from neuroscience in management. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were held with 12 experts, experts and researchers active in management, governance and social media with an average time of 3:24 hours and with geographical distribution from 5 provinces of the country: Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Kermanshah and Mashhad, The interviews were conducted in Adobe Connect software environment. After analyzing the results, 67 concepts for model design were identified and finally 9Atlas.ti software was used to structure the consensus map. It is hoped that this model can open a new window for thinkers, government activists and strategic actors to formulate effective and efficient policies. Open social networks as a dynamic national media across national and cross-border.
Hamideh Khaleghi Mohammadi; Afsaneh Mozaffari; Nassim Majidi Ghahroodi
Abstract
One of the sectors of society that, due to their lack of physical health, is always faced with many disabilities, whether in the use of public services or citizenship or active participation in society, these are disabled. Attitudes based on the discrimination of people with disables in society are based ...
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One of the sectors of society that, due to their lack of physical health, is always faced with many disabilities, whether in the use of public services or citizenship or active participation in society, these are disabled. Attitudes based on the discrimination of people with disables in society are based on assumptions about people with disables that are completely incompatible with their disability. Media is one of the tools that has been used to change people's attitudes. Especially, social media content is produced and selected by the community compare to media and newspapers are more attentive. This research is considered the role of media in changing the attitude of the citizens of Tehran based on the Elaboration likelihood model (ELM), that media explanation social network. This research is a descriptive survey and the statistical population of this research is citizens of Tehran (over eighteen). The results show that focus on central route content producing in the social network has an impact on cognitive attitudes, emotional attitudes and readiness attitudes for action. Also, focus on peripheral route content producing in the social network has an impact on cognitive attitudes and emotional attitudes, but it hasn’t impact readiness attitudes for action.
Mostafa Mohammadi; shokoufeh asadi
Abstract
Social networks have provided a convenient platform for communication between users due to their ease of use and they have infiltrated people's social life with great speed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the sharing of travel experiences in social networks, which are ...
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Social networks have provided a convenient platform for communication between users due to their ease of use and they have infiltrated people's social life with great speed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the sharing of travel experiences in social networks, which are classified into two categories of facilitators and deterrents. Perceived pleasure, altruism, and self-fulfillment variables as facilitators, and personal variables, relationships, security reasons, and privacy were examined as deterrents. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study included tourists and visitors to the tourist destination of Babolsar city. The statistical sample was calculated based on Cochran's formula of 384 people. Simple random sampling method was used to select the sample. Data were collected through the distribution of a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS24 and SmartPLS2 software packages. Findings indicate the importance of the effect of deterrents and facilitators on sharing travel experiences on social networks and the results encourage tourism and marketing activists to become aware of the power of user-generated content through social media.
Sam Mohammadpour; Younes Shokrkhah
Abstract
In its fifties, the application of agenda-setting theory has become much more widespread than in the past, and today it can be divided into two main branches: traditional and modern. Based on agenda-setting theory political parties can focus their attention on the issues they are interested in using ...
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In its fifties, the application of agenda-setting theory has become much more widespread than in the past, and today it can be divided into two main branches: traditional and modern. Based on agenda-setting theory political parties can focus their attention on the issues they are interested in using media and political marketing tools. For a long time, the theory's main assumptions were centered around newspapers and radio and television channels as the mass media. With the development of communication technologies and the advent of social networks, the decisive role of traditional media in elections has been challenged. Today, political parties seek to use and be more active in social networks to highlight their positions and programs. Concerning this, the present study, exploring the media behaviors of the British parties in the 2015 and 2017 general elections, sought to answer the question of how the British parties' tendencies to media were in the two mentioned-above elections. The research findings, based on the findings of the most important statistical organizations in Britain and the world, show that the 2015 and 2017 British general elections were, respectively, the turning point and the culmination of the tendency of British parties to social networks as a tool of agenda-setting in modern times. Accordingly, social media seems to be ending decades of domination by newspapers and television channels to emerge as the determining media in election campaigns.
sadolah ezati; zabiholah sadafi
Abstract
Using social networks has become a social problem in our country. The present study titled "Sociological Explanation of the use of Social Networking among students of the Farhangian University of Ilam aimed to investigate this problem amongst college students. The method of this study was a survey and ...
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Using social networks has become a social problem in our country. The present study titled "Sociological Explanation of the use of Social Networking among students of the Farhangian University of Ilam aimed to investigate this problem amongst college students. The method of this study was a survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The instrument validity was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The statistical society included all 600 students from the Farhangian University of Ilam and the sample size was determined 234 people and examined by the Morgan table. Findings show that there is a meaningful relationship between Self-Disclosure (/65), Spending Leisure Time (/57), Democratic Structure of Networks (/55), Learning and Exchange Experiences (/56), Attachment and Maintenance of Relationships (/56), Feeling of Social Isolation (/54), The Role of Reference Groups (/50), Need for Information (/42), Promoting Innovation (/47), and Media Persuasion (/42). Regression analysis shows that 57% of the total variance of the use of social networks among students of Farhangian University of Ilam (R2=%57), with self-closure, spending leisure time, learning and exchange of experiences, familiarity with the concept of social networks, the role of the reference groups, democratic structure of social networks and place of residence is predictable.
Sadegh Hamedinasab; Hamideh Pakmehr; Ali Asgari
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of social networks and students' preferred teaching styles of teachers with the mediating role of their learning styles. The present study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was all students of Farhangian ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of social networks and students' preferred teaching styles of teachers with the mediating role of their learning styles. The present study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was all students of Farhangian University, Shahid Bahonar Campus in Birjand who were studying in the academic year 1399-1400. A total of 156 teacher students were selected as the sample size by the available sampling method. Data collection tools included the Learning Styles Questionnaire, the Preferred Teaching Style Questionnaire, and the Social Network Questionnaire. The reliability of the instruments was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and their validity was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and correlation between components. Findings showed that the direct effect of using social networks on teaching styles and also the direct effect of learning styles on teaching styles were significant, but the direct effect of using social networks on learning styles was not significant. In addition, the indirect effect of using social networks on teaching styles through learning styles was not significant. Therefore, it is not possible to predict their preferred teaching styles through the use of social networks due to student-teacher learning styles.
Karim Shabani; ali geranmayepour; shahnaz hashemi
Abstract
The present study aimed to discover the factors that detect fake news in the media, especially social networks because the speed of spreading fake news in new media and its negative impact on public opinion is irreparable in some cases. The method of this qualitative study and its statistical population ...
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The present study aimed to discover the factors that detect fake news in the media, especially social networks because the speed of spreading fake news in new media and its negative impact on public opinion is irreparable in some cases. The method of this qualitative study and its statistical population included experts in the field of communication sciences, media, and news, which were selected from the method of targeted sampling and snowball (chain reference) based on the inclusion criteria. The required information was obtained by using documentary studies and semi-structured interviews for 1720 minutes and 15 interviews with publication saturation conditions and the method of receiving participants' feedback was used to validate the thematic analysis. The results were analyzed using MAXQDA 2020 software and the thematic analysis method. The results of the analysis were formed in the form of 439 key concepts and 57 codes, 12 sub-themes, and 5 main themes of "content structure", "publishing agent", "news source", "rules", and "machine algorithms". Interpretation and analysis of data showed that the detection of fake news in the media and social networks in Iran, above all, needed to create a database to compare and model the methods of writing fake news and detect it, and more research is needed in the field. Content analysis is done in Persian to get a better understanding of fake news writing patterns in Persian.
Hashem Atapour; Afshin Hamdipour; Samira Biparva
Abstract
Nowadays, evaluating the credibility of information in the context of social networks has become an important issue for information users. Current research aims to investigate the effect of social network credibility on information credibility through the mediating role of individual expertise among ...
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Nowadays, evaluating the credibility of information in the context of social networks has become an important issue for information users. Current research aims to investigate the effect of social network credibility on information credibility through the mediating role of individual expertise among the students of the University of Tabriz. This research is a correlational study that has been done using Structural Equation Modeling and the survey method. The population of the study was all 15732 students of UoT in the academic year 2020-2021, of which 375 students were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling. Lee and Sooh’s questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SEM with Partial Least Squares method. The results showed that media credibility and message credibility have a positive and direct effect on the credibility of social media information among UoT students. Furthermore, Individual expertise mediates the relationship between media credibility and message credibility with the social networks' information credibility. Therefore, it can be concluded the higher the students' understanding of media credibility (medium dependency, interactivity, and transparency) and message credibility (argument strength and information quality), the higher their understanding of information credibility. Also, individuals with high expertise have the ability to accurately evaluate and assign greater value to the role of message content and source credibility in information credibility.
