New Media Studies

The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Students’ Academic Performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

bilal mohammad; Aliasghar Kia; Hadi Khaniki

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 30-1

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.80612.1729

Abstract

Virtual social networks have emerged as a significant factor influencing students’ academic performance, fostering deep interactions among students, professors, and peers. As ... Read More Virtual social networks have emerged as a significant factor influencing students’ academic performance, fostering deep interactions among students, professors, and peers. As one of the most prominent global communication tools, these platforms play a vital role in education. This study examines the effects of virtual social networks on students’ academic performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, focusing on their role in facilitating collaboration, information exchange, and learning engagement. This research adopts an applied (practical) objective and a descriptive-correlational design, utilizing a survey method for data collection. The study population includes undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral students across universities in the Kurdistan Region. Using Cochran’s sample size formula, a representative sample of 384 participants was selected. Data was gathered through a researcher-developed questionnaire comprising 83 questions, validated via content (face) validity and tested for reliability through a pilot study (pre-test). The findings aim to provide insights into how virtual social networks contribute to—or hinder—academic success, offering recommendations for educators and policymakers in the region. The data collected through the researcher-developed questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient confirming the reliability of the instrument. The sample was selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method to ensure representativeness. The results revealed that several variables significantly influence students' academic performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: frequency of social network use; media addiction; marital status; media content consumption; and socioeconomic background. Notably, media addiction exhibited the strongest impact, with a regression coefficient of 0.299, indicating its substantial role in shaping academic outcomes. Conversely, religion had the weakest association, showing a regression coefficient of 0.030, suggesting minimal direct influence on academic performance in this context. Extended Abstract:IntroductionIn an era when modern higher education benefits from blended learning and uses many facilities to improve students' academic performance, the use of social networks in higher education cannot be ignored as an important tool for accelerating blended learning. Therefore, we must examine this new phenomenon's impact on teaching and learning to utilize its benefits. Just as scientific development can be mapped through citations in written sources, communication patterns and academic progress in virtual environments can similarly be traced through social networks.Virtual social networks have transformed how researchers access scientific resources, conduct research, exchange findings, and engage in scientific activities. This transformation necessitates evaluating these networks' impact on scholarly behavior. Indeed, modern virtual networks represent one of the key factors influencing students' academic performance today. In our current era, knowledge and technology are inextricably linked - one cannot be easily attained without the other.The divergent perspectives on virtual networks' effects reveal a lack of comprehensive understanding about their functions, with interpretations varying significantly based on individual viewpoints. Opponents typically focus on pathological aspects and cultural resistance in their studies, while proponents emphasize the networks' technological potential and audience-oriented benefits to clarify their nature. Like all media introduced to student communities, virtual networks present both positive and negative functions - neglecting either aspect may harm students. This study therefore examines virtual networks' impact on academic performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.Materials and MethodsThis applied quantitative study employed a survey methodology. The target population comprised 9,600 undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. Using Cochran's formula, a representative sample of 384 participants was determined. Given the population size and distribution, data were collected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire containing variables measured at nominal, ordinal, and interval levels. Reliability was confirmed through a pilot test, with all variables achieving Cronbach's alpha coefficients above 0.70. Content validity was established through expert review. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software.FindingsGiven the nominal nature of gender and marital status variables, the Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient was employed to examine their relationship with academic performance, while Pearson’s r tested ordinal and interval-level variables. The analysis revealed significant correlations between academic performance and media addiction, trust in media, relationship quality, media content type, socioeconomic status, age, and marital status (p <.05). However, no significant relationships were found between academic performance and internet connectivity status, social network usage frequency, gender, ethnicity, or religion among students in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.The final regression model (algebraic method) for students' academic performance in Iraq's Kurdistan Region incorporated these independent variables: social network usage frequency, media addiction, media trust, academic media content, entertainment media content, and contextual variables (gender, age, marital status, ethnicity, religion type, and socioeconomic status). Interpretation of coefficients relied on standardized beta values (β), which quantify each predictor's relative contribution to academic performance while controlling for other variables in the model. The beta coefficients enable direct comparison of effect sizes across all predictors, revealing their differential impacts on the dependent variable.The standardized beta coefficients enable comparison of each variable's relative contribution, revealing that social network usage frequency, media addiction, marital status, media content consumption, and socioeconomic status significantly impact academic performance (p < 0.05), thereby confirming their hypothesized relationships. Notably, media addiction demonstrated the strongest effect (β = 0.299), while religion showed the weakest association (β = 0.030) with student performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.Discussion and ConclusionThe analysis revealed non-significant differences in academic performance across gender, age, ethnicity, religion, and media trust variables (p > 0.05). However, significant relationships emerged with social network usage frequency, media addiction, media trust, marital status, media content consumption, and socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). Most notably, media addiction demonstrated a substantial negative impact (β = -0.299), indicating that excessive engagement with virtual social networks reduces study time and correlates with academic performance decline among students in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.The study revealed distinct patterns in students' trust toward different media content types, with the highest trust levels observed for: (1) scientific, (2) medical, (3) economic, (4) sports, (5) social, and (6) political content. Importantly, despite potential drawbacks, virtual social networks demonstrate significant educational utility when used appropriately. These platforms enable instructors to share course materials through dedicated channels, allowing students 24/7 access to learning resources. Furthermore, they facilitate efficient assignment submission, eliminating printing costs and reducing turnaround times while maintaining academic quality in Iraq's Kurdistan Region.Based on research findings, several solutions can address the threats posed by social networks. One major threat is excessive time spent online, which reduces study time and leads to academic failure. Effective countermeasures include:Teaching students time management skillsImplementing proper regulations for scientific use of social networksDeveloping educational programs about cyberspace's role and proper usageOrganizing workshops conducted by psychologists and cyberspace expertsThese measures can help students use social networks more appropriately while benefiting from their educational potential.

Typology of Iranian Live Streamers

Behrouz Ashraf Semnani; saeeid zokaei; saeeide amini

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 68-31

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.74904.1600

Abstract

Streaming refers to the live broadcast of video game content on various platforms. In a streaming session, the creator entertains the viewers by showcasing real-time gameplay footage. ... Read More Streaming refers to the live broadcast of video game content on various platforms. In a streaming session, the creator entertains the viewers by showcasing real-time gameplay footage. This article categorizes Iranian game streamers using Jesper Juul's meta-game theory. This article also identifies the differences between Iranian game streamers in terms of their audience reach and content. Through interviews with 15 well-known streamers and careful observation of their live sessions, four main categories and 10 subcategories have been uncovered in this study. The findings of this study reveal that streamers can be classified according to characteristics such as the type of content they produce, their target audience, the way they communicate with their viewers, and their personal aims and ideals in streaming. Through this research, three distinct groups of streamers have been identified: those who specialize in challenges (focused on achieving international recognition), those who are competitive (striving to outperform other streamers in the gaming arena), and those who prioritize leisure (creating enjoyable content to entertain their audience). Extended Abstract:Introduction:Streaming refers to the live broadcasting of content by a user to an audience. Statistical data indicates that the number of streamers, viewers, and content produced has rapidly increased, making streaming a novel and expanding medium. Twitch is the most popular streaming platform globally, while Aparat Game is the leading domestic network in Iran. Iranian streamers utilize both platforms, creating content and engaging with their audiences on these networks. Streamers engage with their audience by producing content. This content may encompass playing games, talking about games, discussing various topics, and other similar activities. Streamers broadcast this content through Twitch or Aparat Game. In return, audiences show their support by donating money.Audiences tune into streaming for various reasons, including engaging in social interactions, experiencing a sense of community, meeting new people, seeking entertainment, searching for information, and other motivations that draw their attention to streaming. The core query of this article is to identify the different types of Iranian streamers based on the structure and content they generate and to comprehend how each category of Iranian streamers produces content for their audiences.2- Methods:Most researchers have employed methods like interviews and observations to investigate the behavior and content production of streamers. Amongst the streamers, 67 popular and well-known streams were carefully chosen. An invitation to participate in an interview was extended to them through the Instagram social network. Fifteen streams consented to participating in the interview. Furthermore, a total of 5 hours of each streamer's activity was also observed for additional insight.3- Results:In this study, 10 subcategories were identified. These subcategories encompass the streaming platform, compliance with rules, the age of the streamer, the age of the audience, the timing of streaming sessions, the method of communication with the audience, the type of game, the manner of presenting content, job status, and ultimate ideals. Those 10 subcategories were then regrouped into 4 main categories: "context," "communication," "content" and "personality." Based on these categories, three types of streamers are identified. The first group, which we refer to as the "Challenge," focuses on winning global honors through the completion of difficult tasks in video games and challenges. This group's audience is often silent and inactive, primarily made up of young people and adults who follow Twitch. They do not prioritize following the rules and often find streaming to be their sole occupation. Their ultimate dream is to achieve world honors in video games.The Competitive streamer prioritizes the defeat of their rivals, and they are determined to secure victories in various competitions. The more they win, the more successful they become. Their audience mirrors the excitement seen in sports competitions, reacting loudly and noisively during streaming sessions. They celebrate victories and feel saddened by losses, with the income of competitive streamers closely tied to their wins. The Competitive streamers stream on both Aparat and Twitch, tailoring their platform selection based on their audience's age. If their viewers are primarily young, they prefer streaming on Aparat, but they switch to Twitch if their fans are older. The target audience for the Competitive stream includes young children and adults. Their choice of games leans towards battle royale style, and their ultimate ambition is to win the world championship.The Leisure streamers do not prioritize winning or losing in the game. They focus solely on providing entertainment for their audience. Jokes, laughter, drama, and storytelling are common elements in their streaming sessions. The Leisure streamer's audience watches their stream for fun, joy, and laughter.Recreational streamers may have average gaming skills, but they excel in entertaining their audience. They establish intimate connections with their viewers and often develop deep friendships with their fans. Children under 10 years old make up a considerable portion of the audience for recreational streamers. Due to this, they opt for Aparat as their streaming platform, paying more attention to adhering to the rules compared to others. Apart from their streaming activities, these gamers may also engage in producing content on YouTube and acting as social media influencers. Their ultimate goal is to achieve fame and become well-known celebrities.4- Conclusion: Streamers approach gaming and streaming as a social event, recognizing the importance of entertaining their audience in their unique manner. Every streamer attempts to create a distinct and one-of-a-kind experience, similar to an artist's painting.The Competitive streamer is focused on winning and losing and can display excitement similar to a sports match. The Leisure streamer, like a TV show host, works to entertain the audience. As streamers age, lose their gaming abilities and energy, they may transition away from challenging or competitive styles and lean more into entertaining the audience to compensate for their physical limitations.

Sexual Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Cyberspace and the Accelerating Role of Filtering Policy

maedeh movaghari; Hossein Aghababaei

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 68-69

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.82282.1765

Abstract

The influence of media on individuals, a pivotal factor, has witnessed heightened prominence in the age of new media, particularly in the digital realm. Children and teenagers, especially ... Read More The influence of media on individuals, a pivotal factor, has witnessed heightened prominence in the age of new media, particularly in the digital realm. Children and teenagers, especially active in online spaces, are significantly shaped by media, underscoring their potential vulnerability to its impact. The advantages and educational benefits offered by new media and cyberspace to children and adolescents come with a considerable risk of victimization — ranging from general safety concerns to the specific threat of sexual victimization. As a preventative measure, the policy of content restriction (filtering) has been implemented to reduce these risks. The crucial research question lies in the role of cyberspace and the policy of content restriction in relation to the sexual victimization of children. The findings reveal a significant relationship between the media and sexual victimization, underscoring the facilitative and instrumental role of the media. While the filtering policy aims to counter or reduce the negative effects of media, the research highlights how it has paradoxically exacerbated sexual victimization of children and adolescents due to technical inefficiencies, misleading data exchange paths, neutralizing techniques, and the emergence of VPNs. Extended Abstract:The expanding reach of new media has become an integral aspect of life for both children and teenagers, offering a wealth of opportunities for learning, recreation, and communication. Alongside these advantages, new media also presents significant risks, with the most substantial danger being sexual victimization. The objective of filtering policies is to shield this demographic from inappropriate content and sexual dangers and threats, but these policies exhibit a dual role. This research investigates whether filtering policies have achieved their intended goals or inadvertently intensified the susceptibility of children and adolescents to sexual victimization online. This study aims to critically assess the effectiveness of current filtering policies and offer alternative solutions. Ultimately, the primary objective is to meticulously explore how seemingly conservative measures may actually intensify the very issues they were designed to address, specifically in this case, the increased vulnerability of children and adolescents to various forms of cybercrime. To delve into the matter at hand, a descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted, wherein scientific texts and articles related to the topic have been scrutinized, focusing on the examination of qualitative data pertaining to the sexual victimization of children and adolescents in the digital realm, as well as the role played by the filtering policy.IntroductionMedia possesses a fundamental influence on shaping individuals’ thoughts and behaviors, and with the emergence and expanding presence of new media, especially in terms of vast data and information exchange through the internet and cyberspace, the role of media has become increasingly significant and encompassing. Young children and adolescents, as primary users of media, particularly those who are active in virtual spaces, are naturally susceptible to the influence of the media. While new media and cyberspace offer a wide range of benefits and valuable educational experiences to children and teenagers, the specter of general victimization and in particular, sexual victimization, casts a dark shadow over these digital highways. Cyberspace, with its unique features, has unfortunately evolved into a platform for a plethora of sexual offenses against children and adolescents. This risk spectrum encompasses serious offenses like sexual abuse, the sharing of pornographic content, creating fake user profiles, and receiving and exploiting intimate images. This is particularly concerning for children and adolescents since they are more exposed to these dangers due to the extensive use of cyberspace. To address these risks, policies aimed at restricting access have been implemented. However, this approach has actually led to an increase in VPN usage, which has not only failed to reduce victimization but has also heightened the risk of sexual victimization.Materials and MethodsThe current research employs a descriptive-analytical approach. Initially, through a review of relevant texts and scientific articles, this work examines the subject of sexual victimization of children and adolescents online. Subsequently, data sources are selected, and qualitative materials are obtained and analyzed. Its objective is to detect patterns, trends, and factors associated with sexual victimization of children and adolescents online. Furthermore, the study scrutinizes the role of policies designed to restrict access in this context.Discussion and ResultsThe conclusions of this research indicate that while cyberspace undoubtedly offers benefits, it also poses significant risks to children and adolescents, necessitating preventive and educational measures. Despite the noble intentions behind current filtering policies, it has been demonstrated that they have not been effective in reducing the rate of sexual victimization of children and adolescents. Conversely, restrictions on access often prompt individuals to turn to other websites or platforms, which may not be subject to regulation or monitoring. Consequently, these individuals become exposed to even greater risks. The prevalence of VPNs and proxy servers has made it considerably easier to bypass filters and access prohibited content. This fact underscores the necessity of a comprehensive strategy, as merely relying on filtering mechanisms alone is insufficient to effectively address this critical issue. It has also been observed that many children and even adults are not adequately informed about the risks associated with cyberspace and how to adequately protect themselves. Consequently, uninformed users become easy prey for abusers, despite the presence of filtering measures. This research highlights the complex interplay between social networks and various negative consequences, such as social isolation, sexual abuse, and relationships with the opposite sex. It is noted that simply relying on filtering solutions is not sufficient; rather, it is crucial to promote proper education and awareness about the use of virtual networks and media literacy. Crucially, this study also accentuates the accelerating and instrumental role of filtering policies in increasing the vulnerability of children to sexual victimization. This implies that current policies, instead of providing protection, have in fact amplified the risk.ConclusionsThe broad-scale blocking of popular platforms has eroded public trust in policymakers’ decisions, paradoxically leading to increased usage of VPNs, thereby facilitating access to harmful materials. Moreover, excessive filtering not only increases the risk of exposure to inappropriate content but also renders it more difficult to provide accurate and reliable information on sexual matters. In essence, this approach creates a paradox wherein the intended goal of protecting children through filtering measures ultimately results in the opposite outcome. This leads to a situation where individuals turn to unofficial and potentially unreliable sources, thereby reinforcing misconceptions and false beliefs. Contrary to its intended purpose, filtering does not prevent but instead exacerbates cases of sexual victimization among children and adolescents, as it provides both access to inappropriate content and removes valuable education. Therefore, in order to effectively address and reduce sexual victimization among these vulnerable individuals, it is imperative to proactively develop targeted and effective plans. A holistic and multifaceted approach that empowers users and families, coupled with increased media literacy, can be effective in mitigating the risks of this phenomenon. This approach includes educating children, teenagers, and their families on the perils of cyberspace, equipping them with methods and skills to protect themselves. Additionally, comprehensive educational programs should be implemented in schools and families, ensuring that children and adolescents are well-informed about the risks associated with cyberspace and equipped to safeguard themselves against these perils.

Examining the Role of New Media in the Teaching and Learning Process of Students: A Case Study of High School Teenagers in Various Districts of Tehran

alireza abdollahinejad; زهرا mohajeriamiri

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 126-99

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.74097.1574

Abstract

Teenagers, as a dynamic and active generation entrusted with shaping the future of their country, develop many of their behaviors and actions within virtual social networks—often ... Read More Teenagers, as a dynamic and active generation entrusted with shaping the future of their country, develop many of their behaviors and actions within virtual social networks—often beyond real-life communication. As digital natives born into a technologically driven society, they have transferred a significant portion of their real-world interactions to the virtual sphere. Now more than ever, they are influenced by technology, embodying Marshall McLuhan’s concept of technological determinism. In today’s technology-driven social life, a significant portion of teenagers’ daily experiences unfolds within the school environment and through interactions with new communication tools, platforms, and spaces—particularly social media. As the largest demographic of Generation Z (or the "digital generation"), teenagers rely on social media as a key source of information and a primary means of interaction among their peers. For this generation, electronic devices—once considered a luxury by their parents—are now fundamental necessities for navigating modern life. They are the first cohort for whom the groundbreaking technological advancements of the 20th century are not innovations but mundane aspects of everyday existence. In recent years, virtual social networks have experienced significant growth in usage, particularly among teenagers and high school students. However, there remains limited understanding about the extent, purpose, and patterns of new media use among Iranian students. More specifically, the academic implications of these tools - whether they ultimately support or hinder educational achievement - require further examination. This study aims to investigate the prevalence, scope, and contextual usage of new media platforms among Iranian adolescents. The central research question focuses on how high school students in Tehran utilize social media to: Enhance educational activities Facilitate learning processes Communicate with peers and academic groups Complete school-related tasks Follow up on curricular materials and related academic matters This study examines how Tehrani high school students utilize social media platforms for educational purposes. Specifically, it investigates potential correlations between key variables - including gender, duration of social media use, and frequency of network engagement - and students' participation in educational activities. The present study explores the influence of new media platforms on the educational experiences of Generation Z high school students (grades 10-12) in Tehran, employing a survey research methodology. Data were collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire administered to a representative sample of 450 students across eight gender-segregated high schools in Tehran. Key findings reveal that 66.9% of participating students - both male and female - engage with new social media platforms for more than two hours daily. Their usage spans multiple activities including entertainment, peer communication, and academic-related purposes such as schoolwork coordination and educational content consumption. Conducting various statistical tests, including K-square and two-way ANOVA, demonstrated that the independent variable—students' presence on virtual social platforms—significantly influenced four aspects of teaching and learning: receiving help from teachers, alleviating stress related to lessons and exams, accessing educational content within virtual social networks, and experiencing study disruptions due to engagement with new media platforms. Additionally, the independent variable of gender only had a significant effect on one component: the use of social media for collaborative learning. The findings indicate that students' presence on virtual social platforms has a significant relationship with these outcomes. Specifically, increased participation in new media platforms correlates with both greater study disruption and enhanced stress relief from lessons and exams (a direct relationship). However, the presence of most students on social media does not necessarily translate to improved access to educational content or increased teacher assistance in this context. The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between students' presence on virtual social platforms and key academic outcomes. Specifically, increased participation in new media platforms correlates positively with both greater study disruption and enhanced relief from lesson- and exam-related stress, indicating a direct relationship. However, the data reveals that while students are frequently present on these platforms, such presence does not automatically translate to improved access to educational content or increased likelihood of receiving teacher assistance within these digital spaces.

Networked Health: Exploring the Instagramification of Health

yousef khojir

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 158-127

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.82066.1758

Abstract

This research seeks to identify the functions and challenges of Instagram usage in the healthcare sector, as viewed by academic elites and experts. The research approach is qualitative ... Read More This research seeks to identify the functions and challenges of Instagram usage in the healthcare sector, as viewed by academic elites and experts. The research approach is qualitative in nature, and thematic analysis is used to process the data collected through semi-structured interviews. King’s coding (1998) is applied for data analysis. For this study, academic elites in the fields of health communication and information technology were chosen as participants. The criteria for selecting academic elites involved a minimum of a 10-year teaching or research experience in the areas of new media and health communication. Health specialists such as doctors or healthcare professionals using Instagram professionally in their specialized activities were also included in the study. The research employed a purposive sampling method and conducted 20 interviews. The findings demonstrated that the applications of Instagram in promoting users' health encompass increasing individuals' health literacy, providing information about diseases and medication side effects and advantages, accessing medical and health-related content, and facilitating online consultations and communication between doctors and patients. The negative effects of Instagram usage in the healthcare sector encompass issues such as addiction to Instagram, the spread of misinformation and fake news, promotion of self-medication which discourages doctor consultations, resistance to medical advice, potential for increased mental health issues, and excessive reliance on health and medical content, which may not necessarily be accurate. Participants expressed belief that monitoring and creating reliable pages in the field of medicine and health, furnishing reliable information and content on health matters, guiding individuals, building trust, and ensuring efficient access to Instagram can potentially contribute to establishing Instagram as a reliable reference in the healthcare sector.Extended Abstract:With the growing popularity of Instagram and its increasing presence in people's daily lives, users of the platform are increasingly recognizing its potential for enhancing their health and well-being. This study aims to identify and evaluate how Instagram impacts the health of Iranian users.Materials and Methods:This research adopts a qualitative approach and utilizes Theme analysis. Semi-structured interviews were employed to gather information, with King (1998) coding applied for data processing. The selected participants for this study are academic elites in the field of health communication and health professionals.Discussion and Results:The findings indicate that Instagram can be used to improve the health of its users. It can increase individuals' knowledge and awareness in the field of health, provide information about diseases and the side effects and benefits of medications, and provide access to medical and health-related materials. Instagram can also facilitate online communication and consultation between doctors and patients, contributing to improved health and well-being. The negative aspects of utilizing Instagram in the healthcare sector are also acknowledged. Addiction and excessive dependence on health content can occur, potentially leading to addiction and unhealthy behavior. False information and unreliable information can create confusion and ambiguity in decision-making regarding health. Self-medication and neglecting medical visits can occur when individuals over-rely on health content online. Resistance to medical advice, mental and emotional problems, and ambiguity in health decisions may arise as a result of unfounded trust in health-related content.Participants emphasize the importance of managing and creating reliable pages in the field of medicine and health. Reliable health information and content, with expert guidance and accurate information, contribute to creating reliable sources within Instagram. Establishing trust and facilitating quick access to Instagram can elevate the platform's status in the healthcare sector, making it a valuable reference. In the realm of network health, social networks' technical and structural capabilities highlight their ability to significantly impact the health of users and society at large. This is because Instagram's features make users increasingly drawn to it, particularly its 24/7 availability and access to the latest updates on medical and health information. Additionally, the interaction between doctors and patients adds to the platform's appeal. One of the primary motives driving users towards Instagram is their interest in health-related topics.Instagram's role in the healthcare system enhances user management, especially in pre-surgery preparation, surgery, and recovery periods. The aesthetic appeal and unique features of Instagram, including video creation and image sharing, are particularly effective for documenting and illustrating medical concerns, making the platform appealing to health-conscious users. The benefits of Instagram for users' health are manifold. It serves as an accessible source of health information and education, delivering news and health-related content at minimal cost. Instagram's diverse functions for user health include promoting health and health education, facilitating news in the health sector, providing health treatment resources, facilitating online health consultations, fostering a culture of attention to overall wellness (mental, social, and spiritual health), encouraging adherence to health guidelines and treatment plans, mobilizing support networks, and fostering partnerships in the healthcare field.The impact of misusing Instagram by users, particularly in regards to control of the medical conditions, carries both positive and negative consequences. While it offers free, extensive visibility and engagement opportunities for healthcare providers like doctors, doctors, clinics and hospitals, as well as promoting healthful behaviors, the dissemination of false and unsubstantiated health information poses risks. This can lead to self-medication of users and neglecting doctor's advice, fostering addiction to Instagram, and consequently causing serious mental, physical, and social disorders and severe mental health issues. This research highlights an overlooked aspect - the emergence of Instagram as a platform where counterfeit drugs and false prescriptions are offered, effectively functioning as an online black market. The findings highlight the significance of trust in promoting Instagram as a reliable source of health information for users. Trust has emerged as a critical factor in Instagram's credibility, particularly when considering the potential risks associated with fake content and false health promotions.Conclusions:Trust is built by offering accurate and informative content, while minimizing political bias. Additionally, the information must be engaging to capture the user's attention. This involves monitoring popular health-related pages and their information dissemination. The goal is to prevent any negative consequences for the healthcare system caused by misleading content. Content producers in this field should possess expertise in both the realm of health and the virtual space, with a deep understanding of health journalism. Utilizing well-known figures in the healthcare industry can help attract and retain followers. Previous research in this area demonstrates a practical approach to leveraging Instagram as a tool for health promotion. The concept of Instagram referencing can be effectively utilized to enhance the health system, as stated by Khojir (1402). Proper understanding of Instagram's capabilities and limitations is crucial to maximizing its positive impact and promoting improvements in the health sector. The study findings indicate that strengthening the authority of social networks, particularly Instagram, can significantly contribute to improving the healthcare system as a whole.

Crisis Journalism and the Crisis of Journalism in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Fake News Published on the Telegram Channel of the IRNA News Agency

abbas asadi; rayehe ramezani; saman khodayari; shadi khodayari

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 200-159

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2024.71411.1499

Abstract

The rising popularity of various messengers and new media serves as a potent platform for spreading disinformation, particularly so in times of epidemics. Given the vast use of social ... Read More The rising popularity of various messengers and new media serves as a potent platform for spreading disinformation, particularly so in times of epidemics. Given the vast use of social media and online messaging channels by the public, regardless of their media literacy levels, it is crucial to identify and manage such cases. Crisis communication, in essence, involves the empowerment of individuals in society when confronting threats, ultimately paving the way for liberation from communal life. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the most significant health-related crisis humanity has faced, leading to immense challenges in daily life. With respect to the dissemination of fake news during this unprecedented time of crisis, the primary goal of this research is to shed light on the hidden themes found within the fake news published on the Telegram messaging platform. The study conducted a detailed examination of the phenomenon known as "infodemic" through an in-depth analysis of the Telegram channel of the Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (IRNA) using a qualitative research methodology. The thematic analysis approach was employed to reveal six main themes: the announcement of the end of the corona epidemic, promotion of traditional medicine, discussion of the side effects of vaccination, reports on the alleged coronavirus infection among celebrities and public figures, the consumption of food items claimed to destroy the virus, and the economic aspects associated with the pandemic. The overarching theme entitled "Corona prevention, infection and end" also emerged as a dominantExtended Abstract:IntroductionThe concept of crisis has constantly been interpreted and defined differently among scholars and thinkers, resulting in a lack of a unified and consistent definition to date. Despite the absence of consensus on a single definition, various interpretations have been presented based on diverse perspectives, illustrating the complexity and subjectivity involved in defining the term. The lack of consensus on the concept of crisis can be attributed to its multi-dimensional nature. A combination of psychological, socio-political, and structural-technological factors plays a key role in comprehending the concept and managing crises. Moreover, the media often wields significant influence in crisis situations, whether positively or negatively. When a crisis occurs, media outlets prioritize the development of strategies and guidelines to manage them effectively. During these critical times, the primary focus should shift from debating the causes of the issue and pointing out inadequacies in management. Instead, the emphasis should be on sharing accurate information and working towards resolution or mitigation. Individuals experience profound psychological impacts during a crisis, and it becomes crucial to prioritize fostering hope, focusing on resolving the issues at hand, and offering help to officials. Furthermore, as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded in Iran, the media emerged as a significant platform for raising numerous questions. A significant question in the context of the COVID-19 crisis centers on the role of media outlets in responding to it. In addressing this concern, a critical examination is being undertaken, particularly with respect to the phenomenon of fake news dissemination. Consequently, the news published in the Telegram Channel of the Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (IRNA) has been selected for analysis and scrutiny. Evidently, the approach taken by each country's media in addressing both natural and man-made crises represents a crucial aspect of crisis management.Research MethodTo delve deeper into this topic, the current study employs a qualitative methodology enriched by a thematic analysis approach. Qualitative research methods have found extensive application in diverse areas, including learning, teaching, research, and scientific endeavors. More specifically, the adopted approach involves thematic analysis, a method used to analyze qualitative data and falls under the cluster of methods aimed at extracting semantic patterns from the data. In essence, this analysis process involves identifying recurrent patterns or themes embedded within the core of qualitative data. Thematic analysis, based on analytical induction, involves classifying and categorizing data to unveil patterns and meanings within (and beyond) the data itself. Alternatively, this method can be defined as the act of coding and scrutinizing data to fully comprehend the inherent insights it conveys. This form of analysis focuses on identifying patterns within the data, and once a pattern is identified, evidence must be provided to support the pattern’s existence. In essence, themes emerge organically from the data. In the context of this research, the dominant themes found in fake news published on the Telegram channel of the Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency (IRNA) have been examined.For this purpose, fake news that was presented as genuine and published on this messaging platform has been collected and analyzed from the onset of the coronavirus outbreak in Iran, specifically from February 19, 2020, to February 19, 2022. In order to understand the themes, the researcher first needs to identify what aspects to look for in the data. At the end of the file, a brief description is composed for each theme. The text is then reviewed once more to identify any themes that the researcher may have overlooked and to reassess the related descriptions. The final section outlines the primary themes derived from the analysis. This explanation, accompanied by selected examples, clarifies the reasoning behind the theme identification. In the following phase, related concepts are grouped together for categorization, and descriptive codes are condensed. In the third phase, an attempt is made to identify the overarching themes.ConclusionsCrisis journalism has been affected by simplification due to the multifaceted nature of crises and the difficulty in establishing effective communication. Additionally, crisis journalists tend to focus more on natural crises, partly due to a lack of theoretical understanding and insufficient technique, especially when it comes to social and human crises. In this regard, formulating and explaining theories and empirical approaches, as well as producing and strengthening specialized literature for crisis journalism, considering the necessity of distinguishing and differentiating between similar concepts such as risk communication and crisis communication, is crucial. This can enrich both empirical fields and academic domains. The present study examines the phenomenon of infodemic. The research identifies six main themes, including announcements regarding the end of the COVID-19 epidemic, the dissemination of traditional medicine, vaccine side effects, the infection of celebrities and public figures with COVID-19, claims about COVID-19 destroying food, and economic issues related to COVID-19. According to the conceptual review of the research, fake news presents misinformation and cannot be relied upon. The connection of such news with the health and lives of individuals raises several dangers. For instance, consuming a particular food item by a person infected with the virus can result in their death. In Iran, some advocates of traditional medicine also succumbed to the disease. In summary, the overall theme of the research titled "Prevention, Infection, and End of COVID-19" has been identified. To put it another way, the fake news examined in this study adheres to the central theme of prevention, infection, and end of COVID-19, which is the news that draws the most attention from the public and audiences.

A Model of Effective Domestic Messaging Application with an Emphasis on the Role of User’s Media Literacy

Seyed mohammad reza Maddah; Ehsan Shahghasemi; Mozhgan Sabet Teimouri

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 241-201

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2025.82425.1769

Abstract

This study aims to develop a model for an effective domestic messaging application by focusing on users' media literacy, employing a literature review to identify 66 initial indicators ... Read More This study aims to develop a model for an effective domestic messaging application by focusing on users' media literacy, employing a literature review to identify 66 initial indicators which were refined through three rounds of fuzzy Delphi analysis with 14 media experts and university professors, resulting in 51 validated indicators categorized into seven key dimensions: (1) data protection and privacy, (2) user experience and capabilities, (3) support and sustainability, (4) social networking and collaboration, (5) technical advancement and compatibility, (6) performance and efficiency, and (7) access and usability. The findings reveal that developing an effective domestic messaging application requires prioritizing accessible resources and social collaboration tools, followed by enhancing technical performance and user adaptation, while also ensuring service stability, quality, and robust data protection. Practical recommendations include creating media literacy education platforms, conducting training workshops and webinars, implementing regular application updates, and establishing strong cybersecurity measures to safeguard user privacy and data security. Extended Abstract: Introduction This study develops an optimized model for domestic messaging platforms by focusing on users' media literacy as a critical success factor, addressing the growing national need for reliable local messaging services amid increasing digital communication demands. As messaging applications become essential tools in Iran's digital ecosystem, the research identifies key performance indicators and integrates media literacy components to propose a comprehensive development framework for domestic platforms that balances technical quality with user education. Importance and Necessity of the Research Messaging applications have become indispensable digital tools, serving critical functions in information dissemination, social communication, and commercial transactions. In Iran's unique digital landscape - characterized by widespread reliance on foreign platforms alongside growing privacy concerns and access restrictions - the imperative for developing robust domestic messaging solutions has intensified. Yet existing local platforms continue to underdeliver on user expectations, largely due to their failure to incorporate media literacy principles as foundational elements in platform design and development strategies. Media Literacy and Its Role in Domestic Messaging Platforms Media literacy encompasses the competencies to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media content, enabling users to critically interpret messages and engage with them intelligently. Within domestic messaging platforms, this literacy extends beyond content comprehension to include responsible content creation. Users require the skills to leverage messaging features effectively while mitigating risks associated with misinformation and harmful material. This study systematically identifies and categorizes the critical indicators influencing both platform efficiency and user media literacy development in domestic messaging environments. Research Methodology This study employed a descriptive-exploratory research design utilizing the fuzzy Delphi technique, beginning with a comprehensive literature review that identified 66 preliminary indicators of messaging platform efficiency, which were subsequently refined through three iterative rounds of expert evaluation involving 14 media and communications specialists to yield 51 validated indicators categorized into seven core dimensions that collectively influence both media literacy development and platform effectiveness. Key Identified Indicators Data Protection and User Privacy:As a fundamental requirement for messaging platforms, this dimension encompasses: (1) end-to-end message encryption, (2) compliance with international security standards (e.g., ISO/IEC 27001), and (3) robust user data protection protocols. These measures collectively address growing user concerns about personal information security in digital communication environments. User Experience and Features:An intuitive user experience with efficient features - including a user-friendly interface, robust multimedia file support, and advanced communication capabilities - serves as critical factors for both attracting new users and maintaining long-term engagement on messaging platforms. Support and Stability:Reliable technical assistance and consistently stable service performance constitute fundamental requirements for ensuring user satisfaction in messaging platforms. Networking and Social Collaboration:Platform capabilities including group management systems, channel-based communication, and integrated social tools actively foster meaningful interactions while enhancing user engagement metrics. Technical Advancement and Compatibility:Effective messaging platforms require continuous upgradability to meet evolving user demands while maintaining robust adaptability to technological advancements and industry shifts. Technical Performance and Efficiency:Optimal operational efficiency – characterized by seamless performance, uninterrupted stability, and high-speed responsiveness – constitutes essential requirements for sustaining user retention in messaging platforms. Accessibility and Usability:The messaging platform must ensure universal usability by accommodating diverse user needs, varying access requirements, and comprehensive accessibility features for individuals with disabilities. Research Findings The study identifies critical success factors for developing effective domestic messaging platforms: (1) Primacy of user security and privacy through strict adherence to international standards like ISO/IEC 27001, (2) Optimization of user experience via intuitive interfaces and efficient functionality to drive adoption and retention, and (3) [additional factors from your research. The study emphasizes media literacy education as a critical component for responsible platform engagement, recommending structured training initiatives - including workshops and skill-building programs - to enhance users' critical evaluation capabilities. These measures directly correlate with improved trust metrics and satisfaction levels in messaging platform utilization. Implementation Recommendations Based on the research findings, the study proposes these key measures for enhancing domestic messaging platforms: Educational Development: Conduct workshops and training programs to strengthen users' media literacy skills Security Upgrades: Implement advanced security mechanisms to safeguard user data and privacy Experience Enhancement: Deliver regular platform updates and improved technical features to increase user satisfaction Social Features: Develop integrated platforms for effective group interactions and social networking Conclusion This study establishes that effective domestic messaging platforms necessitate integrated attention to four critical dimensions: (1) robust security protocols, (2) optimized user experience, (3) reliable technical support, and (4) comprehensive user education. The research particularly highlights media literacy as a pivotal factor enhancing both platform efficacy and user safety, with demonstrated positive effects on engagement metrics. Implementation of the proposed framework can facilitate development of capable domestic messengers that simultaneously address core communication requirements while advancing users' digital media competencies through built-in educational components.

The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Social Movements; Study of Iranian Protest Movements (2009-2019)

Bahman Rabeie nia; Hussein  Harsij

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 286-243

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.67717.1387

Abstract

The widespread use of virtual social networks has brought substantial changes in lifestyle, habits, and social relationships, and the dynamics of communication between people and governments. ... Read More The widespread use of virtual social networks has brought substantial changes in lifestyle, habits, and social relationships, and the dynamics of communication between people and governments. Social movements, as a way to bring forth demands and communicate between people and governments, are significantly influenced by these shifts. This study investigates the mobilization of social networks in social movements in Iran between 2009 and 2019. Over the last two decades, we've witnessed a new face of social movements on a global scale, with the mobilization function of social networks playing a pivotal role in these developments. This study employs a descriptive-analytic approach and relies on library sources, documents, and secondary data for information gathering. The findings underscore the pivotal role of social networks in facilitating the mobilization of resources for social movements, with a significant and central impact. The examination of major incidents within the mentioned time period reveals that, regardless of the factors underpinning social movements, their success hinges on access to appropriate social networks. A lack of such contact leads to limitations on the ability to mobilize supporters and, over time, causes these movements to deteriorate and weaken. Extended Abstract: Introduction The extensive utilization of virtual social networks has introduced significant transformations in lifestyle, social habits, and the dynamics of communication between people and authorities. As a channel for conveying demands and facilitating interactions, social movements have seen profound impacts due to these changes. Over the last two decades, the way that the mobilization functions of social networks have been used has shown a new facet of social movements around the world. This work scrutinizes the impact of virtual social networks on social movements in Iran during the period from 2009 to 2019. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, leveraging sources from libraries, documents, and secondary data for data collection. The findings of this investigation highlight the central and substantial role of social networks in facilitating resource mobilization for social movements during the indicated time period. The examination of major events during the stated timeframe reveals that, irrespective of the foundational factors behind social movements, the management or restriction of access to social networks severely hampers the ability to mobilize supporters, leading to the subsequent erosion and weakening of these movements as time passes. Materials and Methods This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on resources from the library, archives, and secondary data sources. The study concentrates on three significant protest movements in Iran encompassing the period from 2009 to 2019, namely the protests following the 2009 elections, the 2017 December protests, and the 2019 November protests. The research examines the role of social networks in mobilizing and organizing these movements, focusing on platforms such as Twitter, Telegram, Facebook, and Instagram. In light of the importance of available resources and effective actors, the study also assesses the framework of resource mobilization theory, which emphasizes the pivotal role of resources and competent actors in influencing the success of social movements. Discussion and Results The research reveals that social networks have significantly contributed to mobilizing and organizing social movements in Iran. During the 2009 election protests, platforms like Twitter and Facebook played instrumental roles in disseminating information, organizing protests, and garnering international attention. The Green Movement, as this movement came to be recognized, heavily relied on social media to coordinate activities and share real-time updates, despite attempts by the government to restrict access to these platforms. The December 2017 protests were primarily organized and disseminated through the platform Telegram. Initially ignited by economic grievances, the movement rapidly evolved into larger scale anti-government demonstrations. Telegram's encrypted messaging system enabled participants to exchange information securely, making it difficult for authorities to monitor and suppress the movement. However, the government's decision to block Telegram significantly curtailed the momentum of the protests. The November 2019 protests, triggered by a sudden surge in fuel prices, witnessed Instagram and Twitter playing a more significant part. Initially sparked as economic protests, the situation quickly escalated into violent confrontations with security forces. Social media platforms became a powerful tool for organizing protests, disseminating videos of police brutality, and rallying international support. Despite this, the government's decision to shut down the internet for multiple days acted as a significant hindrance, showcasing the dual role of social media as both a channel for mobilization and a target for government control. Conclusions Our study underscores the crucial role of social networks in mobilizing and organizing movements in Iran. These platforms facilitate communication, information exchange, and coordination across distances, overcoming traditional barriers to collective action. Despite the evident benefits, the government's capacity to control or completely shut down such channels highlights the vulnerabilities and limitations faced by activists, suggesting that social media alone is insufficient to sustain a movement. The findings indicate that social networks can significantly boost the spread of protests, yet their effectiveness hinges on the government's ability to regulate access and manipulate information flow. Further research is needed to explore the long-term consequences of internet shutdowns and other forms of digital repression in Iran and beyond.

Unfavorable Self-Representation on Instagram: A Lack of Credibility or a Search for Credibility?

Shadi Zabet

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 317-287

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.70132.1463

Abstract

Instagram users are aware that publishing images and texts helps build a self-image. Following Goffman’s framework and supported by various studies on Iranian society, most users ... Read More Instagram users are aware that publishing images and texts helps build a self-image. Following Goffman’s framework and supported by various studies on Iranian society, most users aim to present the positive aspects of their "self." This article examines the performances of users who instead highlight their inadequacies, mistakes, or flaws in personality or appearance—challenging Goffman’s theory. Using qualitative virtual ethnography, this study selected twenty-one participants through the snowball method. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews revealed that these users viewed non-idealized self-representation as a form of resistance against both intra- and extra-Instagram norms. By resisting idealized portrayals, they sought to present a "true image" of themselves—one perceived as sincere and culturally valuable in Iranian society. This resistance and self-representation deviate from Instagram’s conventional standards; rather, they stem from users’ mental perceptions of the platform and its audience. Ultimately, this practice can be interpreted as a form of technological appropriation and domestication: within Iran’s sociocultural context, these users adapt Instagram to serve their purposes based on their understanding of the technology and its audience. Extended Abstract: Introduction Self-presentation – the act of curating one's image through appearance, behavior, and environment – constitutes a fundamental social process in both physical and virtual spaces. Drawing on Erving Goffman's (1959) dramaturgical perspective, individuals strategically present an idealized self to maintain social credibility. On Instagram, this typically manifests through polished, aesthetically pleasing content that aligns with prevailing societal standards of beauty, success, and competence. Empirical studies in the Iranian context (e.g., Ajagh & Mirzaei Mousavi, 2016; Hashemi Monfared & Rabiei, 2016; Zokai et al., 2020) consistently demonstrate users' predominant tendency to construct positive, socially conforming self-representations. However, this study examines a distinct subset of Instagram users who consciously subvert these norms by deliberately sharing content that foregrounds personal imperfections—including unflattering photographs, culinary failures, disorganized living spaces, or unfiltered appearances. Such disclosures risk social stigmatization, particularly within cultural contexts that place heightened value on public image maintenance. This raises the central research question: What motivates users to present non-idealized self-images, counter to both Goffman's theoretical framework and Instagram's dominant conventions? The study employs an interdisciplinary theoretical approach, integrating Goffman's self-presentation paradigm with theories of technological appropriation (Jouët, 2000), domestication (Silverstone, 1994), and symbolic interactionism to interrogate how culturally-specific meanings shape these counter-normative practices. Conceptual Framework Goffman’s Self-Presentation Goffman (1959) conceptualizes social interaction as a theatrical performance wherein individuals strategically manage impressions to present an idealized, socially credible self. This performative process entails suppressing undesirable traits while accentuating positive qualities to conform to prevailing social expectations. On Instagram, this typically manifests through carefully curated self-presentation, where users selectively showcase flawlessness while systematically obscuring imperfections to maintain a socially validated facade. Technological Appropriation and Domestication The appropriation approach, grounded in Michel de Certeau's (1984) conception of tactical resistance, frames users as active agents who creatively adapt technologies to serve their own purposes, thereby subverting dominant normative structures. Silverstone's (1994) domestication theory provides a complementary framework, elucidating how users incorporate technologies into everyday practices while imbuing them with culturally-specific meanings. This dual process encompasses both practical implementation and symbolic reinterpretation, as users negotiate the technology's functionality within their personal and socio-cultural contexts. Role of Meaning in Technology Use Symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1969) posits that human behavior emerges from the meanings individuals collectively construct through social interaction, particularly through their interpretive engagement with symbolic objects. Extending this framework, Flichy (2008) contends that technologies become embedded with social imaginaries - collectively held mental representations of their intended purposes and imagined audiences - which fundamentally structure their patterns of use. On Instagram, this theoretical lens reveals how users' subjective understandings of the platform's norms and anticipated viewership actively shape their self-presentation strategies and content production. Literature Review Existing scholarship on Iranian social media practices consistently documents patterns of idealized self-presentation. Hashemi Monfared and Rabiei's (2016) research demonstrates how users strategically align their Instagram profiles with dominant societal values to cultivate social approval. Similarly, Ravardrad and Gishnizjani (2017) identified photo-editing practices as instrumental in constructing idealized bodily representations, while Zokai et al. (2020) observed women predominantly showcasing meticulously curated images of affluent, flawless lifestyles. Notably, even marginalized populations engage in this trend - Dehsofiani and Mahmoudi Hanaroud (2019) found that recovering homeless women emphasize positive aspects of their current circumstances. This pattern extends beyond Iran, as evidenced by Piazzesi and Lavoie's (2020) cross-cultural study of women negotiating normative pressures to present perfected selves, and Bayard's (2018) analysis of celebrity mothers constructing immaculate representations of motherhood. While these studies strongly corroborate Goffman’s theoretical framework, they predominantly focus on idealized self-presentation, thereby neglecting users who deliberately share non-curated or unfavorable content—a practice that may ostensibly compromise their social credibility. This critical oversight in the literature motivates the present investigation, which seeks to: (1) examine the underlying motivations among Iranian users who engage in counter-normative self-representation, and (2) analyze how these practices intersect with both sociocultural expectations and technological affordances within the Iranian context. Methodology This study employed virtual ethnography (netnography), adapting conventional ethnographic approaches to digital environments (Kozinets, 2002). The netnographic methodology entailed sustained immersive engagement with online communities to systematically examine users' behavioral patterns and interpretive frameworks. Our research population comprised active Instagram users who consistently shared content deviating from platform norms of idealized self-presentation, including but not limited to depictions of personal failures, domestic disarray, or unmodified physical appearances. Participant selection combined purposive and snowball sampling strategies, with inclusion criteria specifying: (a) minimum one year of consistent platform activity, and (b) a baseline of ten substantive posts monthly. Primary data collection occurred through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted virtually, with the sample size determined by theoretical saturation principles. Saturation was initially achieved after 18 interviews, with three subsequent confirmatory interviews conducted to verify findings. To enhance theoretical robustness, we implemented safeguards against premature saturation by: (1) maximizing participant diversity across age (22-38 years), occupational status, marital circumstances, and religiosity levels, and (2) employing iterative sampling to incorporate emerging thematic variations. Findings Thematic analysis yielded three core themes: Resistance to Intra-Platform and Sociocultural Normative Pressures Participants actively contested both Instagram's internal platform norms promoting idealized self-presentation (e.g., perpetual attractiveness, domestic perfection, professional success) and external sociocultural expectations (e.g., conventional lifestyle choices, structural limitations). They characterized mainstream Instagram content as fundamentally "artificial," representing constructed and disingenuous portrayals of lived experience. Through their deliberate sharing of unvarnished content, these users engaged in discursive resistance, privileging authentic self-expression over performative compliance with dominant paradigms. Pursuit of Authenticity Participants sought to present a "real" self by blending both positive and negative aspects—including personality flaws, unfiltered appearances, and complex social roles. This approach was grounded in Iranian cultural values that prize honesty and acceptance of imperfection, while stigmatizing pretense (such as hypocrisy or deception). By sharing their imperfections, participants viewed this as an authentic practice that fostered genuine connections with their audience through relatability and truthfulness. Subjective Meanings of Technology and Audience This study reveals that some Iranian Instagram users intentionally present non-idealized selves, challenging Goffman's theory of curated self-presentation. Rather than risking discreditation, they view this as establishing authenticity and credibility, aligning with cultural values that prize honesty and embrace imperfection. Their behavior demonstrates tactical resistance (de Certeau, 1984) to both Instagram's normative standards and societal expectations, as they adapt the platform to serve their personal objectives. Discussion and Conclusion This study reveals that some Iranian Instagram users consciously present non-ideal selves, challenging Goffman’s theory of idealized self-presentation. Rather than risking discreditation, they perceive this as a pathway to authenticity and credibility, aligning with cultural values that value honesty and accept imperfection. This behavior reflects tactical resistance (de Certeau, 1984) against Instagram’s normative pressures and societal expectations, as users adapt the platform to serve their goals. The findings support appropriation and domestication theories, demonstrating how users actively reshape technologies to align with personal and cultural meanings. Participants' mental images of Instagram as a space for liberation and their perception of an authenticity-seeking audience motivated their unconventional self-presentation. This contrasts with previous Iranian studies that focus on idealized portrayals, suggesting cultural context modifies theoretical applications. As Kazemi (2021) observes, theories transform across cultural contexts; in Iran, Islamic and Persian literary traditions that embrace imperfection make idealized self-presentation appear less authentic. This study advances our understanding of how users domesticate digital platforms, employing Instagram to express authentic identities instead of conforming to globalized norms. It highlights the crucial role of cultural meanings in technology use, demonstrating how users' social imaginaries of Instagram and its audience inform their counter-normative practices. Study limitations include recruitment challenges, indicating that future quantitative research could measure the prevalence of such content. Additional qualitative studies might explore why users who maintain idealized self-presentations remain unaware of the inauthenticity perceived by their audiences. Keywords: .

Modeling the Competitiveness Factors of Print Media Versus Social Networks for Sustainable Survival

Mohamadjavad Afsharsafavi; Golnar Shojaeibaghini; Mohamadreza Rostami

Volume 10, Issue 40 , December 2024, Pages 351-319

https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2023.64393.1305

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the competitiveness of print media in relation to social networks. The research employs a mixed-methods exploratory approach, categorized ... Read More The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the competitiveness of print media in relation to social networks. The research employs a mixed-methods exploratory approach, categorized as applied in terms of purpose and a combination of qualitative and quantitative strategies in terms of methodology. In the first phase, using the grounded theory method, data were collected to design a competitiveness framework, and key components and indicators were identified. Semi-structured interviews with media experts were conducted to extract the core concepts. The qualitative sample consisted of experts from the Khorasan newspaper in Mashhad, selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. A total of 17 interviews were conducted. In the quantitative phase, a sample of 333 individuals was randomly selected from the 2,500 annual subscribers of the Khorasan newspaper using Cochran’s formula. A questionnaire was developed based on the qualitative findings. Data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with LISREL software. The findings revealed 75 main categories grouped into six dimensions of the paradigm model: causal conditions (20 categories), the core phenomenon (efficient competitiveness for survival, with 7 sub-categories), strategies (13 categories), contextual conditions (12 categories), intervening conditions (11 categories), and consequences (12 categories). The model demonstrated a good fit, with a GOF index of 0.61, indicating acceptable structural validity. Extended Abstract Introduction: Media and social networks have posed many challenges for print media. Audiences' behaviors are shifting as they increasingly turn to the internet for free access to news and information. The proliferation of social networks has significantly altered the media landscape over the past few decades. Today, social networks provide highly engaging and interactive experiences for consumers, offering real-time access to a wide variety of information in a technology-mediated environment—something that was not possible before. Meanwhile, the Khorasan Newspaper, as a longstanding and influential media outlet in Iran, has been facing these challenges. Despite these growing pressures, the Khorasan Newspaper must adopt various strategies to strengthen itself, ensuring it can attract and retain its audience’s attention and continue to survive in the increasingly competitive media environment alongside social networks. By doing so, the Khorasan Newspaper can not only maintain its circulation but also foster growth in an era dominated by digital platforms. This study, therefore, aims to identify and examine the key factors that influence the survival and competitiveness of the Khorasan Newspaper, especially in comparison to social networks. It explores how print media can better compete with digital platforms to sustain itself, improve audience loyalty, and ensure profitability. Thus, the study is designed to develop a competitiveness model for print media in relation to social networks, with the Khorasan Newspaper serving as a case study. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive framework that enables print media to address these challenges effectively. Materials and Methods: This research follows a mixed-methods exploratory methodology, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches with an applied development purpose. In the initial qualitative phase, the grounded theory method was employed to collect data and identify the components and indicators essential for creating a competitiveness framework for print media in relation to social networks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with subject-matter experts to extract core concepts related to the topic. Additionally, text mining and coding techniques were used for data analysis to ensure accuracy and depth in identifying key themes and patterns. After reviewing existing scientific literature and conducting in-depth analytical interviews with experts and scholars from the Khorasan Newspaper, various marketing dimensions and their corresponding indicators were identified. These insights formed the basis for proposing a competitiveness framework between print media and social networks for sustainable survival. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts from the Khorasan Newspaper in Mashhad. A purposive sampling method was used to select experts specializing in media-related fields, and snowball sampling was employed to ensure an adequate sample size. In the preliminary phase, 17 interviews were conducted to gather expert opinions. Additionally, a subset of the statistical population included 2,500 annual subscribers of the Khorasan Newspaper. Using a simple random sampling technique, 333 participants were selected for the study, determined by Cochran's formula. A questionnaire was then developed based on the components identified in the qualitative phase. For the quantitative data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted using LISREL software to validate the proposed model. The model evaluation results showed a goodness-of-fit index (GOF) of 0.61, indicating that the model fit the data well. Discussion and Results: The study revealed several key categories: Causal Conditions: Dynamism, innovative services, adaptation speed, multimedia nature, and advertising's role in consumer behavior. Core Phenomenon (Competitiveness for Survival): - Strategic orientation factors: modern strategies, organizational knowledge, survival planning, and survival prioritization. - Emphasis on dynamic, change-oriented competitiveness and specialized technological innovation. Strategy: - Customer orientation, effective networking, and internal communication skill development. - Goals: Foster collaboration and shared understanding of competitive objectives. Context: - Change management processes. - Increasing customer condition complexity. - Broader environmental factors affecting media organizations. External Confounding Conditions: - Infrastructural capabilities. - Organizational knowledge management systems. - Commitment to organizational learning. Role: Strengthen resilience for sustained competitiveness. Implications: - Tangible: Survival, organizational maturity, competitive advantage, customer retention, revenue growth, customer acquisition. - Intangible: Customer satisfaction, societal cultural/economic growth, organizational agility, innovation potential, market positioning. Conclusions: The research concludes that for print media to maintain competitiveness against social networks and ensure their survival, they must first establish a robust competitiveness foundation. This requires: Developing strategic competitiveness models, Adopting modern strategies to keep the organization current, Building a strong organizational knowledge base, and Creating survival-focused strategic plans *that integrate competitiveness priorities.

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Volume & Issue: Volume 10, Issue 40, December 2024

The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Students’ Academic Performance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Abstract

Typology of Iranian Live Streamers

Abstract

Sexual Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Cyberspace and the Accelerating Role of Filtering Policy

Abstract

Examining the Role of New Media in the Teaching and Learning Process of Students: A Case Study of High School Teenagers in Various Districts of Tehran

Abstract

Networked Health: Exploring the Instagramification of Health

Abstract

Crisis Journalism and the Crisis of Journalism in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Fake News Published on the Telegram Channel of the IRNA News Agency

Abstract

A Model of Effective Domestic Messaging Application with an Emphasis on the Role of User’s Media Literacy

Abstract

The Impact of Virtual Social Networks on Social Movements; Study of Iranian Protest Movements (2009-2019)

Abstract

Unfavorable Self-Representation on Instagram: A Lack of Credibility or a Search for Credibility?

Abstract

Modeling the Competitiveness Factors of Print Media Versus Social Networks for Sustainable Survival

Abstract