نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حسین کرمانی ¹
• امیرعلی تفرشی ²
• امیر محمد قدسی ³
• علیرضا بیات ماکو ⁴
• علی آتش زر ⁵

¹ پژوهشگر فوق دکتری در گروه تحقیقاتی ارتباطات سیاسی دانشگاه وین، وین، اتریش (دارای دکتری علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی از دانشگاه تهران)

² دکتری علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی از دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

³ دانشجوی دکتری علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی در دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

⁴ کارشناس ارشد علوم کامپیوتر در دانشگاه لایبنیتس هانوفر، هانوفر، آلمان

⁵ کارشناسی‌ارشد علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی (گرایش روزنامه‌نگاری) از دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

این مقاله تلاش می‌کند تا گفتمان‌های شکل‌گرفته در دوران همه گیری کرونا در توئیتر و اینستاگرام در ایران را شناسایی و تحلیل کند. با مبنا قرار دادن دیدگاه‌های فوکو درباره گفتمان و قدرت، ما علاوه بر شناسایی گفتمان‌های مسلط در این دو رسانه اجتماعی، نسبت آن‌ها با روابط قدرت در ایران را نیز تحلیل خواهیم کرد. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش‌‌های ترکیبی انجام شده است. بر اساس روش کدگذاری دو مرحله‌‌ای سالدانا، ما نمونه معرفی از 4 میلیون و 165 هزار و 177 توئیت و 4 میلیون و 919 هزار و 839 پست اینستاگرامی که از یک بهمن 1398 تا 10 اردیبهشت 1399 گردآوری شده بود را تحلیل کردیم. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد که در مجموع 71 گفتمان خرد و 16 گفتمان کلان در این دو رسانه اجتماعی شکل گرفته‌اند. تحلیل گفتمان‌های مسلط نیز نشان داد کاربران اینستاگرام عمدتا رویکردی غیرسیاسی‌تر و انتقادی‌تر نسبت‌‌به همه گیری کرونا در ایران داشته‌‌اند. به‌‌علاوه، در حالی‌که گفتمان بی‌کفایتی حکومت، در توئیتر، مسلط‌ترین گفتمان بوده، این گفتمان نتوانسته در اینستاگرام، جزو گفتمان‌های مسلط قرار گیرد. از طرف دیگر، گفتمان «قصور مردم» در اینستاگرام، جزو گفتمان‌های مسلط بوده ولی در توئیتر چندان مورد توجه نبوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• کرونا
• توئیتر
• اینستاگرام
• تحلیل گفتمان
• فوکو

عنوان مقاله [English]

COVID-19 on Iranian Twitter and Instagram: Discourse Analysis of Users’ Generated Content During the COVID-19 Pandemic

نویسندگان [English]

• Hossein Kermani ¹
• Amirali Tafreshi ²
• Amir Mohammad Ghodsi ³
• Alireza Bayat Makou ⁴
• Ali Atash Zar ⁵

¹ Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. PhD in Social Communication Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

² PhD in Social Communication Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

³ PhD student in Social Communication Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.

⁴ M.Sc. Student in Computer Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

⁵ MA in Social Communication Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction:
The present study delves into the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on human life and social interactions, with a particular focus on Iran. The pandemic has substantially impacted various facets of human life, resulting in diminishing physical presence in the public sphere to avoid getting infected with the virus, while increasing online interactions on social media platforms. The purposes of this research study include exploring the linguistic constructs developed on Twitter and Instagram in Farsi, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. The analysis is aimed towards providing a comprehensive comprehension of the underlying meanings constructed and negotiated in the early days of Iran's experience with the COVID-19 crisis, particularly in relation to the presence of power dynamics and hegemonic discourses.
Materials and Methods:
The aforementioned study implements mixed methodologies, featuring a combination of computational and traditional qualitative approaches, namely SOCIAL network analysis and qualitative content analysis, to elevate the depth and validity of the analysis. Specifically, these methods are used to investigate the social networking components and discussive content present within social media. The data collected in this study entails more than 4 million tweets and Instagram submissions from January 21, 2020, to April 29, 2020. The focus of the Twitter data analysis centered on the retweet network, which acted as the information dispersion network. Following data refinement, the retweet network was extracted, comprising more than 2.5 million tweets. Using a modularity-based community detection algorithm, clusters within the retweet network were identified. Five significant clusters, boasting volumes in excess of 4% of the total network, were identified. Each cluster incorporated a selection of individuals identified as the most influential according to the Pagerank index, indicating the highest tweet circulation in the entire network. A sample of 5056 tweets representing the total tweet population (7658) was randomly drawn, following which they were qualitatively annotated via content analysis to identify the underlying discourses. The agreement coefficient, based on Krippendorff's Alpha, was calculated to be 83%.
Discussion and Results
The findings of this research unveil a total of 71 micro-discourse constructs, clustered into 16 overarching macro-discourses, that were observed on both Twitter and Instagram during the initial days of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Furthermore, the most prevalent micro-discourse formats, sporting the highest frequency counts, were selected for further analysis, resulting in five dominant constructs on Twitter and Instagram each. The investigation of the selected discourses provided insights into their facets and their connection with power dynamics in Iran. Three of the predominant discourse formats were found to be shared between both platforms, with each host possessing
Conclusions
This study endeavored to discover and examine the discourses manufactured by Iranian users during the COVID-19 outbreak. The psychological dynamics of these users in the early phases of the pandemic were analyzed in light of Network Framing Theory and Foucault's Discourse Theory. The outcome presents a comprehensive picture of the network agency of Persian users on Twitter and Instagram. Users on Twitter predominantly held a conviction to accuse parties deemed responsible for the outbreak, such as negligence, faith-based assumptions, concealment, and misrepresentation. Meanwhile, Instagram users were positioned as afflicted, either undertaking health preventive measures or suffering the fear and hardships of COVID-19 conditions. This study illustrates that although internet-based networks have encroached on the primacy of conventional media as a leading framing agency, their features and systems still exert a significant influence. Each network highlights distinct frames, with specific content production dynamics, thereby producing diverse discourse constructs. This case study assessed the responses of users during the initial period of the crisis (short-term), but additional research can examine its implications in the medium and long term.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Coronavirus
• Twitter
• Instagram
• Discourse Analysis
• Foucault