نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، مطالعات ارتباطات، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه روابط عمومی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران،ایران

چکیده

ادغام هوش‌مصنوعی در روزنامه‌نگاری، به‌طور فزاینده‌ای به بخشی از ساختار بسیاری از خبرگزاری‌ها و رسانه-های خبری تبدیل شده است. اهمیت رو به رشد آن، گواهی بر پیشرفت فناوری و شاخصی از تغییر نیازها و پویایی مصرف اخبار در عصر دیجیتال است. این مهم در سال‌های اخیر، نگرش‌ها را نسبت به توسعه هوش‌مصنوعی در اتاق‌های خبر و به‌ویژه چرخه تولید، توزیع و مصرف اخبار تغییر داده است. مقاله حاضر ضمن بررسی «وضعیت موجود دانش، مهارت‌ و نگرش سردبیران، به انتظارات و چالش‌های کاربرد هوش‌مصنوعی و چشم‌انداز آن در قالب روزنامه‌نگاری مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی» در اتاق خبر خبرگزاری صداوسیما پرداخته است. در این پژوهش از نظریه «میدان» بوردیو استفاده شده است. روش این پژوهش مبتنی بر پیمایش و به شیوه نمونه‌گیری غیر احتمالی و در بازه زمانی اردیبهشت‌ماه 1402 انجام شده است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را 50 نفر از سردبیران خبرگزاری صداوسیما تشکیل می‌دهد. نتایج نشان داد؛ سردبیران «بهره‌وری بیشتر»، «کارآمدی روزنامه‌نگاران»، «دریافت سریع اخبار» و «کاهش هزینه از طریق خودکار سازی» را به ترتیب به‌عنوان 4 دلیل عمده پذیرش فناوری‌های هوش‌مصنوعی در اتاق خبر خبرگزاری صداوسیما بیان کردند. همچنین «مدیریت محتوا»، «تولید خودکار و کارآمدتر محتوا»، «شناسایی اخبار جعلی/ تشخیص جعل عمیق» و «تجزیه‌وتحلیل احساسات کاربران» را به‌عنوان چهار اولویتی که در اتاق خبر خبرگزاری انتظار دارند، هوش‌مصنوعی روزنامه‌نگاری تلویزیونی را مجدداً شکل دهد. همچنین «فقدان مهارت‌های مرتبط با هوش‌مصنوعی به همراه دشواری جذب و استخدام استعدادها»، «فقدان دانش، مهارت‌ها و درک در مورد پتانسیل هوش‌مصنوعی در سازمان خبری»، «فقدان استراتژی به‌ویژه در سطح مدیریت/ فقدان بینش مدیریتی استراتژیک»، «فقدان منابع مالی و/ یا فقدان تمایل به سرمایه‌گذاری در منابع موجود» و «مسائل ساختاری، ازجمله شکاف‌های فنی بین بخش‌ها» به‌عنوان 5 چالش مهم و موانع پذیرش فناوری‌های هوش‌مصنوعی در اتاق خبر خبرگزاری صداوسیما ارزیابی کردند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism: Studying the Knowledge and Attitudes of Editors at IRIB News Agency

نویسندگان [English]

  • mohammad Nikmalaki 1
  • Hossein Ali Afkhami 2

1 Ph.D. Student, Communication Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of public Relations, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Integration of artificial intelligence within journalism has become increasingly ingrained within the frameworks of many news agencies and media outlets. This growing relevance serves as evidence of technological advancements and symbolizes alterations in the needs and dynamics surrounding news consumption in the digital age. Over recent years, there has been a shift in attitudes towards the incorporation of artificial intelligence within newsrooms, most notably concerning the lifecycle of news production, distribution, and consumption. The present article delves into the knowledge, skills, and attitudes held by editors, scrutinizing the current state of affairs. The discourse further scrutinizes the expectations and challenges associated with the utilization of artificial intelligence, while additionally exploring its potential in the form of AI-based journalism within the newsroom of IRIB News Agency. For the purposes of this study, Bourdieu's field theory was employed. The research methodology is underpinned by a survey methodology, which utilizes non-probability sampling and was conducted during May 2023. The study's statistical population comprises 50 editors currently affiliated with IRIB News Agency. The results revealed that the editors identified increased productivity, enhanced efficiency of journalists, quicker reception of news, and reduced costs through automation as the primary reasons for implementing artificial intelligence technologies within the newsroom of IRIB News Agency, in that order of priority. Moreover, the AI revolution promises to reconfigure TV journalism, with content management, enhanced automation and efficiency in content generation, fake news detection/deep fake detection, and user sentiment analysis emerging as the primary priorities within the news agency's newsroom. Furthermore, the newsroom of IRIB News Agency faces five key challenges and barriers hindering the adoption of AI technologies, namely: Inadequate AI-related skills coupled with the difficulty in attracting and recruiting talent, Insufficient knowledge, skills, and understanding regarding the potential of AI within the news organization, Lack of strategy, particularly at the management level/absence of strategic vision, Financial constraints and/or reluctance to invest in existing resources, and Structural issues, encompassing technical discrepancies between departments.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Artificial Intelligence Journalism
  • Attitude
  • Expectations and Challenges
  • Field Theory
  • Editors and IRIB News Agency
هایدگر، مارتین و همکاران (1386)، فلسفه تکنولوژی، مترجم، شاپور اعتماد، تهران: نشر مرکز.
ویتاکر، جیسن (1399)، هوش‌مصنوعی و آینده روزنامه‌نگاری، مترجم، مینو میرزایی، تهران: انتشارات ثانیه.
میچم، کارل (1394)، فلسفه تکنولوژی، مترجمان، مصطفی تقوی و همکاران، تهران: انتشارات سروش.
References
Alpert, L. I. )2016(. Washington post to cover every major race on Election Day with help of artificial intelligence. Dow Jones Institutional News. Retrieved.
Anderson, Christopher W. (2012). Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism. New media and society15 (7):1005–1021.https://doi.org /10.1177/1461444 8124 6513 7.
Beckett, Charlie. )2019(. New Powers, New Responsibilities: A Global Survey of Journalism and Artificial Intelligence, https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/ polis/ Journalism AI /The –report /https:// www.comminit.com /content/new-powers-new-responsibilities -global-survey -journalism-and- artificial -intelligence.
Beckett Charlie and Yaseen Mira. (2023). Generating Change A global survey of what news organizations are doing with AI, https:// www. Journalism.info/research/2023-generating-change
Benson, R. )2006(. News Media as a ‘Journalistic Field’: What Bourdieu Adds to New Institutionalism and Vice Versa. Political Communication 23 (2): 187–202. Doi: 10.1080/10584600600629802.
Benson, R., and E. Neveu. )2005(. Introduction: Field Theory as a Work in Progress. In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by R. Benson, and E. Neveu, 1–25. Malden, MA: Polity.
Bourdieu, P. )2005(. The Political Field, the Social Science Field, and the Journalistic Field. In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by R. Benson, and E. Neveu, 29–47. Malden, MA: Polity.
Canavilhas, João. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Journalism: Current Situation and Expectations in the Portuguese Sports Media. Journalism and Media, 3: 510–520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ journalmedia3030035.
Chan-Olmsted, Sylvia. )2019(. A Review of Artificial Intelligence Adoptions in the Media Industry, International Journal on Media Management.
Chloe Young and Scott R. Stroud. (2020). Can Artificial Intelligence Reprogram the Newsroom? Trust, Transparency, and Ethics in Automated Journalism. Media Ethics Initiative Center for Media Engagement University of Texas at Austin /www.mediaengagement.org.
De-Lima-Santos, Mathias-Felipe, and Ceron. Wilson. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in News Media: Current Perceptions and Future Outlook. Journalism and Media 3: 13–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ journalmedia3010002.
Deuze, Mark. (2004). What is Multimedia Journalism? Journalism Studies 5 (2): 139–152. 
Diakopoulus, Nickolas. )2019(. Automating the News: How Algorithms are rewriting the Media. Harvard University Press: Cambridge
El Gody, Ahmed. (2021). Using Artificial Intelligence in the Al Jazeera Newsroom Combat Fake News. Aljazeera Media Institute.
Fieiras-Ceide, César; Vaz-Álvarez, Martín; Túñez-López, Miguel. (2022). Artificial intelligence strategies in European public broadcasters: Uses, forecasts and future challenges. Professional de la información, v. 31, n. 5, e310518.
Grimme, M.V. (2021). Factors Influencing the Rejection of Automated Journalism: A Systematic Literature Review. Nordic Journal of Media Management, 2(1), 3-21. DOI: 10.5278/njmm.2597-0445.6826.
Guzman, Andrea L., and Seth C. Lewis. )2019 (. Artificial Intelligence and Communication: A Human–Machine Communication Research Agenda. New Media & Society. 22 (1): 70–86.doi:10.1177 /1461 444819858691
Hansen, Mark & etal. )2017). Artificial Intelligence: Practice and Implications for Journalism, Columbia Journalism School Organized by the Tow Center for Digital Journalism and the Brown Institute for Media Innovation.
Kioko P.M., Booker N, Chege N., Kimweli P. (2022). The Adoption of artificial Intelligence in Newsrooms in Kenya: A Multi-Case Study. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18 (22), 278.
Kotenidis, Efthimis, and Andreas Veglis. (2021). Algorithmic Journalism—Current Applications and Future Perspectives. Journalism and Media 2: 244–257. https://doi.org /10.3390/ journalmedia2020014.
María T. Soto-Sanfiel, Adriana Ibiti, Mabel Machado, Beatriz Elena Marín Ochoa, María Mendoza Michilot, Claudio Guillermo Rosell Arce & Ariadna Angulo- Brunet. (2022). In Search of the Global South: Assessing Attitudes of Latin American Journalists to Artificial Intelligence in Journalism, Journalism Studies, 23:10, 1197- 1224
Marisela Gutierrez Lopez, Colin Porlezza, Glenda Cooper, Stephann Makri, Andrew MacFarlane & Sondess Missaoui. (2022): A Question of Design: Strategies for Embedding AI-Driven Tools into Journalistic Work Routines, Digital Journalism, OI:10.1080/21670811.2022.2043759.
Meese, James& Bannerman, Sara. (2022). the Algorithmic Distribution of News: Policy Responses, Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Munoriyarwa, A., Chiumbu, S., & Motsaathebe, G. (2021). Artificial intelligence practices in everyday news production: The case of South Africa’s mainstream newsrooms. Journalism Practice, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1984976
Newman, Nic with Fletcher, Richard, Robertson, Craig T., Eddy, Kirsten, and Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus. (2022). Digital News Report, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Noain-Sánchez, A. (2022) Addressing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: the perception of experts, journalists and academics. Communication & Society, 35(3), 105-121.
Parratt-Fernández, Sonia; Mayoral-Sánchez, Javier; Mera-Fernández, Montse. (2021). The application of artificial intelligence to journalism: an analysis of academic production. Profesional de la información, v. 30, n. 3, e300317.
Perreault G, Stanfield K. (2018). Mobile Journalism as Lifestyle Journalism? Journalism Practice. 13: 331-348.
Peretti, Mattia. )2021(. AI and the future of journalism: Mapping change in a new media landscape. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/polis22/2/2021ai-and-the-future-of-journalism-mapping change -in-a-new-media-landscape.
Powers, Matthew, and Sandra Vera Zambrano. )2016(.Explaining the Formation of Online News Start-Ups in France and the United States: A Field Analysis. Journal of Communication 66: 857–877
Rachel E. Moran & Sonia Jawaid Shaikh/ Rachel E. Moran & Sonia Jawaid Shaikh. (2022): Robots in the News and Newsrooms: Unpacking Meta-Journalistic Discourse on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism, Digital Journalist.
Richardson, Chris. (2018), The Future of News Is Artificial Intelligence, https: // www.forbes.com /sites / for best ech council /2018 / 10/03/the-future-of-news-is-artificial- intelligence/? sh=29740 e995fb2
Rojas-Torrijos, José-Luis (2019). Automated sports coverages. Case study of bot released by The Washington Post during Río 2016 and Pyeongchang 2018 Olympics. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, pp. 1729 to 1747
Schudson, Michael. (2005). Four Approaches to the Sociology of News. In Mass Media and Society, edited by James Curran and Michael Gurevitch, 4th ed., 172–197. London: Hodder Arnold.
Tandoc, E. C., and J. Jenkins. )2017(. The Buzzfeedication of Journalism? How Traditional News Organizations are talking About a New Entrant to the Journalistic Field Will Surprise you! Journalism 18 (4): 482–500. Doi: 10.1177/1464884915620269.
Thurman, Neil, & Lewis Seth C. & Kunert,Jessica. (2021). Algorithms, Automation, and News, Digital Journalism, 7:8, 980-992
Thurman, Neil. )2019(. Personalization of News in The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies, edited by Tim Vos and Folker Hanusch. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.  
Túñez-López, J. M., Fieiras Ceide, C. & Vaz-Álvarez, M. (2021). Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: transformations in the company, products, contents and professional profile. Communication & Society, 34(1), 177-193.
Walther, Matthias.) 2014(. Repatriation to France and Germany: A Comparative Study Based on Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. 
Wölker, Anja & Powell E Thomas. (2021). The Netherlands Algorithms in the newsroom? News readers’ perceived credibility and selection of automated journalism.
Zamith, Rodrigo. (2019). Algorithms and Journalism. in Oxford Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies, edited by H. Örnebring, Y.Y. Chan, M. Carlson, S. Craft, M. Karlsson, H. Sjvaag & H. Wasserman. Oxford: Oxford University Press.